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reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10714 | Civil |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11511 | § 1 – Which type(s) of Tort or Breach of Contract occurred, and which type of Liability exists? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7037 | Tort – a wrongful (“tortious”) act that causes a private injury: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7074 | Torts – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8094 | Tort Reform – a movement to reduce the amount of tort litigation, usually involving legislation to restrict remedies or capping ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7054 | Tortfeasor – someone who commits a tort |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8031 | Tortious Act – an act that subjects the actor to liability under the principles of tort law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12502 | Tortious Act – an act that subjects the actor to liability under the principles of tort law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11363 | Tortious Conduct – an act or omission that subjects the actor to liability under the principles of tort law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11367 | Tort-of-Another Doctrine – in some states, a statutory rule authorizing courts to award litigation related expenses (i.e. attorn... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8005 | Basic Classifications of Torts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7984 | intentional tort – committed with intent (i.e. battery, false imprisonment, trespass) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8017 | prima facie tort – an unjustified, intentional infliction of harm on another, resulting in damages, by an act(s) that would othe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7989 | maritime tort – committed within admiralty jurisdiction (on navigable waters) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7028 | mass tort – injures many people (i.e. toxic chemicals, commercial airliner crash) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7992 | negligent tort – committed by failure to observe the standard of care required by law under the circumstances |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12881 | negligence – failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would have exercised |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15287 | Degrees of Negligence – typically classified as simple, ordinary, gross, or slight negligence: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15256 | ordinary negligence – failure to exercise the degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in similar ci... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15267 | (due) diligence – persevering effort to accomplish one’s business, duty, etc. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15264 | ordinary (reasonable) care – the degree of care that a prudent and competent person engaged in the same line of business or end... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15200 | “gross,” “criminal,” or “culpable” negligence – conscious, wanton, reckless disregard for the probability that death or injury c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15283 | slight negligence – failure to exercise the degree of care expected of an extraordinarily prudent person, resulting in liability... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14596 | reasonable person test – a hypothetical person used as a legal standard, especially to determine if someone acted with negligenc... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15296 | Assessing Liability in Negligence Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15214 | comparative negligence doctrine – reduces a plaintiff’s recovery proportionally to the plaintiff’s degree of fault in causing th... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15243 | pure comparative-negligence doctrine – an absolute, literal translation of the comparative negligence doctrine that is adopted b... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15246 | hybrid comparative negligence doctrine – a court’s adoption of the comparative negligence doctrine, wherein, if the plaintiff’s ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15223 | contributory negligence doctrine – completely bars a plaintiff’s recovery if the damage suffered is partly the plaintiff’s own f... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15309 | Types of Negligence: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15308 | malpractice – negligence or incompetence on the part of a professional (i.e. by an attorney or physician) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8024 | public tort – a minor breach of the law (i.e. a parking violation) that carries a criminal punishment even though its considered... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8026 | quasi-tort – when one who did not directly commit the wrong is liable, such as an employer for a tort committed by an employee |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10879 | Various Types of Torts § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16821 | Abuse of Litigation Procedures (Torts): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16819 | malicious defense – defendant’s use of unfair, harassing, or illegal tactics to advance a frivolous or unmeritorious defense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14983 | malicious prosecution (use of process) – institution of a criminal or civil proceeding for an improper purpose, without probable... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16769 | abuse of discretion (denial of justice) – an adjudicator or appellate court’s failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal d... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16773 | arbitrary and capricious – a concept which permits a court to substitute its judgment for that of an administrative agency’s unr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16780 | capricious (caprice) – contrary to the evidence or established rules of law; whimsical rather than logistic |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16757 | abuse of process – improper, intentional, tortious use of civil or criminal process to obtain a result that is either unlawful o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16859 | discovery abuse – misuse of the pretrial discovery process, especially by (1) requesting unnecessary information; (2) requestin... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16805 | vexatious suit – instituted maliciously and without good grounds, meant to create trouble and expense for the party being sued |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11182 | Family Law Torts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7986 | Marital Tort – a tort by one spouse against the other (i.e. assault and battery, transmission of STDs, emotional distress) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8003 | Preconception Tort – committed before the victim has been conceived |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8015 | Prenatal Tort – committed against a fetus (including torts a child can sue for after being born) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7971 | Government Torts – committed by a government employee, agent, or instrumentality: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6993 | Constitutional Tort – a violation of one’s constitutional rights by a government officer, redressable by a civil action filed di... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11176 | Official Misconduct – a public officer’s violation of duty by malfeasance, misfeasance, or nonfeasance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11164 | Feasance – the doing or accomplishment of an act, condition, or obligation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11167 | Malfeasance – a wrongful, unlawful, or dishonest act; especially by a public official |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16765 | abuse of power – misuse or improper exercise one’s authority in a way that is tortious, unlawful, or outside its proper scope |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11169 | Misfeasance – the performance of a duty or act which one ought or has a right to do, but in a way that infringes on the rights o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11172 | Nonfeasance – the negligent failure to act when a duty to act exists |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16860 | malice exception – a limit on public officials’ qualified immunity, whereby they can face civil liability for willfully exercisi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16870 | qualified immunity – a public official’s immunity from civil liability when performing a discretionary function, as long as the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11365 | tortious denial of benefits – the improper, often baseless refusal to recognize a valid claim for financial assistance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7919 | Tort Claims Acts – federal and state Acts of Congress that waive sovereign immunity, thus allowing governments to be sued for to... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11190 | 28 U.S.C. § 1346 – United States as defendant |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11198 | 28 U.S.C. §2401 – Time for commencing action against United States: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11206 | Civil Complaints against Federal Agencies or Officials must be filed within 6 years of the injury (some exceptions) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7980 | Toxic and Environmental Torts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7018 | the planet |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7020 | Toxic Tort – a civil wrong arising from exposure to a toxic substance, such as asbestos, radiation, or hazardous waste |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7927 | Business Tort – a tort that impairs some aspect of an economic interest or business relationship, causing economic loss rather t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8086 | Tortious Interference with Prospective Advantage – an intentional, damaging intrusion on another’s potential business relationsh... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8000 | Personal Tort – injury to one’s person, reputation, or feelings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7952 | Dignitary Tort – injury to one’s reputation or honor (defamation) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8009 | Various Types of Torts § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8019 | Property Tort – the unlawful interference by one person with the enjoyment by another of his private property, including propert... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8092 | Sanctions Tort – a means of recovery for another party’s discovery abuse, whereby the judge orders the abusive party to pay a fi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11361 | Tortious Battery – a nonconsensual, intentional, and offensive touching of another, but not necessarily with the intent to do ha... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8070 | Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations – a third party’s intentional inducement of a contracting party to break a cont... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11508 | Breach of Contract – violation of a contractual obligation, or interfering with another party’s performance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15775 | breach of covenant – violation of an express or implied promise, usually in a contract; a duty to either to do or not do an act |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11535 | Immediate Breach – a breach of contract that entitles the nonbreaching party to sue immediately |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11538 | Anticipatory Breach – a breach of contract caused by a party’s unequivocal indication that the party will not perform when perfo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11542 | Total Breach – a breach of contract which goes to the whole consideration, for which the remedial rights provided by law may be ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11544 | Material Breach – a breach of contract sufficiently substantial to give the injured party the right to rescind the contract or t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7031 | Liability – legally obligated or accountable; a debt enforceable by civil remedy or criminal punishment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15022 | General Legal Terms pertaining to “Liability”: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15225 | apportionment of liability – parceling out of liability or an injury among multiple tortfeasors, and possibly the plaintiff as w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7048 | Fault – an error or defect of judgment or conduct; deviation from prudence or duty resulting from inattention, incapacity, perve... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7036 | liable – likely to incur a penalty as a result of having commit a civil wrong or breach of contract, answerable by tort |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7907 | culpable – guilty or at fault; often used in cases of breach of duty |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15049 | breach of duty – violation of a legal or moral obligation; especially, a fiduciary’s violation of an obligation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8087 | tortious liability – arising from the breach of a duty, is redressable by an action for compensatory, unliquidated (and sometime... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7912 | breach of duty of care – negligence that results in a foreseeable injury that would not have occurred but for the negligent pers... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8102 | liability insurance – an insurance policy wherein the company agrees to protect against liability arising from an act or omissio... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15075 | General Classifications for Types of Liabilities: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15135 | civil liability – liability imposed under the civil, as opposed to the criminal, law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15140 | criminal liability – the penalty or forfeiture imposed as punishment for a crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8107 | liability created by statute – a liability created by statute, as opposed to one created by contract |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15015 | Types of Liabilities Associated with Civil Law: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15119 | alternative liability – when a plaintiff proves that one of two or more defendants caused harm, but they cannot prove which one... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15153 | derivative liability – liability that a person other than the one wronged has a right to redress (i.e. a widow in a wrongful-dea... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15159 | vicarious liability – liability that a supervisory party (i.e. an employer or principal) bears for the actionable conduct of a s... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15160 | respondeat superior – the doctrine wherein liability is imposed upon an employer for the acts of its employees committed in the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15013 | Types of Liabilities Associated with Criminal Law: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15103 | accomplice liability – criminal responsibility of one who acts with another before, during, or (in some jurisdictions) after a c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15017 | Types of Liabilities Associated with both Civil and Criminal Law: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8114 | absolute liability – a type of strict liability based on causation alone, without any other limiting factors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15112 | aiding-and-abetting liability – civil or criminal liability imposed on one who assists in, facilitates, or promotes the commissi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15126 | causer liability – civil or criminal liability imposed on the person whose acts resulted in harm or loss |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11515 | § 2 – Assess Injuries and Losses: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5497 | Injury – the violation of another’s legal right, thereby causing harm to another in person, character, or property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11419 | General Types of Injuries: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11425 | Consequential Injury – an injury arising from the results of damage rather than from the damage itself |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11395 | continual injury – recurs at repeated intervals |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11396 | Continuing Injury – an injury that is still in the process of being committed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11381 | irreparable injury – cannot be adequately measured or compensated by money and is therefore often considered remediable by injun... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11386 | pecuniary injury – can be adequately measured or compensated by money; a reparable injury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11436 | reparable injury – can be adequately compensated by money; a pecuniary injury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7704 | physical injury – damage to one’s body or an injury that exists so a person cannot physically enjoy his property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11470 | temporary Injury – may be abated or discontinued at any time by either the injured party or the wrongdoer |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11479 | Terms used to Classify Types of Injuries: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11404 | Indivisible Injury – a single injury that has been caused by concurrent tortfeasors and that is not reasonably capable of being ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11406 | Injury in Fact – an actual or imminent invasion of a legally protected interest, in contrast to an invasion that is conjectural ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11414 | Malicious Injury – a physical or non-physical injury resulting from a willful act committed with knowledge that it is likely to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11473 | Permanent Injury – a lasting injury to person, land, water, or property that is likely to be lasting, and whose consequences can... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11432 | Wilful and Malicious Injury – an injury to a person or property inflicted intentionally and deliberately, without cause and with... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11451 | Types of Injuries pertaining strictly to Property: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11466 | Injuriously Affected – as a condition of the right to damages in eminent domain, the consequences of an act which would have giv... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11449 | Injury by the Elements – such injuries that results from the most common destructive forces of nature, against which buildings n... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11453 | Injury in His Property – direct or indirect harm or damage to property, including the diminishing of his property by a transfer,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11455 | Injury to Property – something materially affecting the capacity of particular property for ordinary use and enjoyment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11496 | Types of Injuries that could Qualify as Other Types of Injuries as well: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11390 | Civil Injury – physical harm or property damage caused by breach of a contract or by a criminal offense redressable through a ci... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11493 | Injurious Exposure – contact with a substance that would cause injury if the person were repeatedly exposed to it over time |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7164 | Personal Injury – an actionable physical (bodily) injury or invasion of a personal right (i.e. wrongful eviction, slander, false... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11375 | Bodily Injuries – physical harm or injury to a person’s body |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11377 | Accidental Injury – a bodily injury resulting from external, violent, and unanticipated causes, especially caused by some extern... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11388 | Serious Bodily Injury – a serious physical impairment of the human body that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5603 | dispossession (disseisin, ouster) – deprivation of, or eviction from, rightful possession of property; the wrongful taking or w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7658 | constructive eviction – a landlord’s act of making premises unfit for occupancy, often with the result that the tenant is compel... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7673 | Wrongful Eviction – the wrongful dispossession of someone from property: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7701 | Partial Eviction – a responsive eviction from a portion of the tenant’s premises |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7664 | Retaliatory Eviction – a nearly always illegal eviction that is commenced in response to a tenant’s complaints or involvement in... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11412 | Legal Injury – an invasion or violation of a legal right |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11400 | Direct Injury – an injury which the direct result of the violation of a legal right |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11474 | Public Injury – a loss or an injury stemming from a breach of a duty or violation of a right that affects the community as a wh... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11422 | Types of Injuries Strictly pertaining to Businesses: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11417 | Antitrust Injury – damage, loss, or harm caused by anticompetitive conduct that violates antitrust laws (i.e. a vertical maximum... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11393 | Compensable Injury – a personal injury caused by an accident arising from the employment and in the course of the employee’s wo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11401 | Economic Injury – an injury to a person’s ability to enter into or profit from a business arrangement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11447 | Injury Arising Out of Employment – an injury with a direct cause and effect relationship between the injury and the employment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11437 | Scheduled Injuries – types of partially disabling injuries for which a predetermined amount of compensation is allowed under a w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11408 | Types of Non-Physical Injuries – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11416 | Advertising Injury – harm resulting from oral or written speech that slanders or libels a person, violates their right to privac... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11463 | Injurious Falsehood – a defamation that causes damage (i.e. disparagement, trade disparagement) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11490 | Injurious Words – slanderous or libelous language |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11410 | Injury to Reputation – a diminution in any manner or degree of the esteem, goodwill, or confidence that a people place in a pers... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11523 | Loss – the decrease or total diminishing in value of property, usually in an unexpected or relatively unpredictable way, or the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11592 | General Terms used for Describing and Assessing Various Types of Losses: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11593 | Consequential Loss – a loss-arising from the results of damage rather than from the damage itself |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11596 | Direct Loss – loss or damage resulting from a direct cause, as distinguished from a remote cause |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11600 | Extraordinary Loss – a loss that is both unusual and infrequent, such as a loss resulting from a natural disaster |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11605 | Intangible Loss – the damage caused by the disruption of an intangible right or benefit |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11602 | Nonpecuniary Loss – a loss resulting from emotional or sentimental loss |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11611 | Pecuniary Loss – a loss of money or of something having monetary value (often used in relation to wrongful death actions and ma... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11598 | Temporal Loss – a pecuniary loss which causes actual deterioration of person or property, thereby forming an independent and sub... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11615 | Progressive Loss – loss that spreads or becomes more expensive to repair over time (i.e. asbestosis) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11582 | Legal Terms used in relation to assessing Losses: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11581 | Proximate – very near or close, or happening immediately before or after |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11585 | Remote – far removed or separated in dime, space, or relation; or slight; little; inconsequential |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11567 | Specific Types of Losses which are also Insurance-Related Terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11564 | Partial Loss – partial disability in health, mind, or person, such as the loss of use of ability to use an arm or leg; or – in ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11618 | Particular Average Loss – a term used primarily in marine insurance in contrast to “general average,” indicating a loss to a shi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11549 | Types of Losses pertaining to Insurance: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11557 | Actual Loss – the real and substantial destruction, whether total or partial, of insured property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11578 | Actual Total Loss – the same as total loss, although primarily used in marine insurance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11588 | Constructive Total Loss – such serious damage to the insured property that the cost of repairs would exceed the value of the thi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11621 | General Average Loss – loss at sea usually incurred when cargo is thrown overboard to save the ship; such a loss is borne equall... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11554 | Total Loss – the complete destruction of the insured property by fire so that nothing of value remains, and cannot be rebuilt, a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11547 | Types of Losses pertaining to Taxes: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11550 | Casualty Loss – a deduction in an income tax return for a loss arising from fire, storm, shipwreck, automobile accident, tornado... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11608 | Disaster Loss – a casualty loss sustained in a geographic area that the President designates as a disaster area which may be tre... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11573 | Deductible Loss – a taxpayer’s loss that may be deducted in computing net taxable income, such as losses as a result of property... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11575 | Hobby Loss – a nondeductible loss arising from a personal hobby; as contrasted with an activity engaged in for profit |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11571 | Ordinary Loss – a tax that is deductible from ordinary income in business or trade, from the sale or exchange of an item; more ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11562 | Passive Loss – a loss, with limited tax deductibility, from an activity in which the taxpayer does not materially participate, ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11561 | Products-Liability Loss – the total of a taxpayer’s products-liability expenses up to the amount of the taxpayer’s net operating... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11558 | Recognized Loss – the portion of a loss that is subject to income taxation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11519 | § 3 – Which form(s) of relief are you seeking to help remedy the situation? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11644 | Legal Terms pertaining to Types of Remedies: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11652 | redress – the means of seeking relief or remedy: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11655 | relief – an award of damages or a judgment, decree, or order requiring an adversary to perform as directed or to refrain from sp... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15587 | affirmative relief – a court order requiring the losing party to act in a specified manner or desist from specified conduct, or ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15592 | alternative relief – a request, in a pleading, asking for both specific performance, and damages that would be averted by specif... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15598 | declaratory relief – request a court to determine the legal status or ownership of a thing |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15698 | extraordinary relief – exceeds what is typically or customarily granted but is warranted by the unique or extreme circumstances... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11648 | remedy – the means of enforcing a right or preventing or redressing an injury; legal (monetary) or equitable (non-monetary) rel... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16705 | estoppel – a prohibition imposed by law against uttering what may actually be the truth. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15564 | extrajudicial remedy – a remedy not obtained from a court, obtained outside a court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15650 | administrative remedy – a nonjudicial remedy provided by an administrative agency (if an administrative remedy is available, it ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15656 | exhaustion of remedies doctrine – if an administrative remedy is provided by statute, a claimant must seek relief first from the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15571 | self-help doctrine – an attempt to redress a perceived wrong by one’s own action rather than through the normal legal process |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15633 | Judicial Remedies – may be obtained from a court: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15683 | extraordinary remedy – not available unless necessary to preserve a right that cannot be protected by a standard legal or equita... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15638 | legal remedy – historically available in a court of law, as opposed to only in equity |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15628 | remedial action – intended to permanently alleviate pollution when a hazardous substance has been released or might be released... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15644 | substitutional remedy – wherein the plaintiff receives a sum of money when the very thing that was lost cannot be returned |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15619 | election of remedies – the act of choosing between two or more concurrent but inconsistent remedies allowed by law, upon the sam... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6915 | equitable remedy (aka equitable relief) – a form of non-monetary relief that may be requested from the court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15549 | specific performance – a court-ordered remedy that requires precise fulfillment of a legal or contractual obligation when moneta... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6732 | Injunction – a court order commanding an action to be done, or preventing an action from being done an “Equitable Remedy” that t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11639 | common injunction – grantable as an order of course, without reference to the merits, when the defendant fails to appear, or to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11625 | Injunction – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11627 | Injunctive Relief – relief resulting from an injunction |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11631 | Irreparable-Injury Rule – the principle that equitable relief (i.e. injunction) is available only when no adequate legal remedy ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11671 | permanent injunction – granted after a final hearing on the merits, as distinguished from a temporary injunction granted to prov... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11678 | Production Injunction – a permanent injunction prohibiting specified conduct in a field or activity that the court has found to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11674 | Use Injunction – a permanent injunction prohibiting the use of specified information that the court has found to constitute a tr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11681 | Types of Injunctions only used to Prevent Actions: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11634 | Anti-Antisuit Injunction – an injunction prohibiting a litigant subject to the jurisdiction of a local court from seeking in a f... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11637 | Antisuit Injunction – an injunction prohibiting a litigant from instituting other, related litigation, usually between the same ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11664 | Headstart Injunction – an injunction prohibiting the defendant from using a stolen trade secret for a period of time equal to th... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11666 | Hyperinjunction – a gag order that bars discussing the subject matter or the existence of the injunction itself, except to lawye... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11668 | Preliminary Injunction – a temporary injunction issued before or during trial to prevent an irreparable injury from occurring be... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11662 | Ex Parte Injunction – a preliminary injunction issued after the court has heard from only the moving party, and without notice t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11692 | Preventative Injunction – an injunction designed to prevent a loss or injury in the future via commanding a party to refrain fro... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11703 | Quia-Timet Injunction – an injunction granted to prevent an action that has been threatened but has not yet violated the plainti... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11701 | Special Injunction – an injunction in which the prohibition of an act, in order to prevent irreparable injury, is the only relie... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11699 | Superinjunction – a type of gag order that forbids the recipient not just to discuss the subject matter but also to reveal the e... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11688 | Types of Injunctions used only for Commanding Particular Action(s) to be Done: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11676 | Mandatory Injunction – an injunction that orders an affirmative act or mandates a specified course of conduct |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11697 | Reparative Injunction – an injunction requiring the defendant to restore the plaintiff to the position that the plaintiff occupi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6814 | Damage Assessment Made Simple – how much money are you due? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6840 | General Legal Terms pertaining to “Damages”: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11017 | Accord and Satisfaction – an agreement (accord) to substitute for an existing debt some alternative form of discharging that deb... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11019 | Accord – an agreement, compact, or treaty: an offer to give or to accept a stipulated performance in the future to satisfy an ob... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10992 | Satisfaction – the giving of something with the intention, express or implied, to substitute the specified performance, in order... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10851 | Compensation – payment of damages, or any other act that a court orders to be done by a person who has caused injury to another,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10988 | Recompense – repayment, compensation, remuneration, or retribution for something, especially an injury or loss |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10936 | Remuneration – the act of paying or compensating |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11018 | compromise and settlement – a compromise agreement followed by the performance of the promises contained in the agreement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11039 | Compromise – an agreement between two or more persons to settle matters in dispute between them in which each party surrenders s... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10973 | General Descriptive Terms for Various Types of Damages: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11005 | Stigma Damages – damages which caused a permanent loss in the value of the property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10975 | Substantial Damages – a considerable sum awarded to compensate for a significant loss or injury, as opposed to nominal damages |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11000 | Temperate Damages – reasonable damages allowed in certain cases , without proof of actual or special damage, where the wrong don... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11009 | Tort Damages – monetary compensation for tangible and intangible harm to persons and property as the result of a tort |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6877 | Standard Legal Terms used in Initial Damage Assessment: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6894 | Additional Damages – usually provided by statute in addition to direct damages, including expenses resulting from the injury, co... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7780 | Compensatory aka Actual Damages – the total damages recoverable in satisfaction of, or in recompense for, loss or injury sustain... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6879 | Common-Law Damages – a court ordered monetary award intended to return an injured party, as nearly as possible. to their positio... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6843 | Lawful Damages – those damages fixed by law and ascertained in a court of law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6854 | Measurable Damages – damages whose amount can be determined with a high degree of certainty |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10934 | Pecuniary Damages – damages that can be estimated and monetarily compensated, as opposed to nonpecuniary damages, which require ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6896 | General Damages – damages so reasonably expected to result from the type of wrong complained of that they do not need to be prov... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11013 | Mitigation-of-Damages Doctrine – the principle inducing a plaintiff, after an injury or breach of contract, to make reasonable e... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10912 | Statutory Damages – damages provided by statute as distinguished from damages provided under the common law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10915 | Multiple Damages – statutory damages that are a multiple of the amount that the fact-finder determines to be owed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10921 | Double Damages – damages that, by statute, are twice the amount that the fact-finder determines is owed or twice the amount of a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10918 | Treble Damages – damages that, by statute, are three times the amount. of actual damages that the fact-finder determines is owed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6882 | Accumulative Damages – statutory damages allowed in addition to amounts available under the common law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7207 | Writ of Inquiry – to determine the amount of damages suffered by a plaintiff who has won a default judgment on an unliquidated c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10799 | Types of Damages § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10844 | Damages to Real Property (land and buildings): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10846 | Fee Damages – awarded to the owner of property abutting an elevated railroad for injury caused by the railroads construction and... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10853 | Land Damages – a payment by the government for property it has taken under eminent domain, which must be fair both to the person... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10943 | Severance Damages – in a condemnation (eminent domain) case, compensation awarded to a landowner for the loss in value of the tr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11044 | Temporary Damages – damages for injury to, or trespass on, real property caused by intermittent or occasional wrongs that are co... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10825 | Types of Damages That Are Uncertain and Not Immediately Measurable: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7789 | Discretionary Damages – not precisely measurable (i.e. mental anguish, pain and suffering, etc.) but are determined by a jury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10859 | Future Damages – awarded to an injured party for an injury’s residual or projected effects (i.e. a reduction in a person’s abili... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10866 | Hedonic Damages – for loss of enjoyment of life or of life’s pleasures |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6921 | Cosmetic Damages – The amount awarded to compensate for personal disfigurement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10869 | Irreparable (Nonpecuniary) Damages – in the law of injunctions, an injury that cannot be satisfactorily or completely compensate... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10957 | Permanent Damages – damages for past, present, and future harm that cannot be avoided or remedied; technically, injury in real e... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10995 | Special Damages – damages that are alleged to have been sustained in the circumstances of a particular wrong, which must be spec... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6865 | Speculative Damages – damages that are so uncertain to occur that they will not be awarded |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10969 | Uncertain Damages – damages that are not clearly the result of a wrong; the uncertainty refers to allowing recovery for the dama... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11002 | Unliquidated Damages – damages not agreed on by the parties, and that cannot be determined by a fixed formula and must be establ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6862 | Subsequent Damages that Resulted from the Initial Injury: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6869 | Consequential Damages – losses that do not flow directly and immediately from an injurious act but that result indirectly from t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6872 | Continuing Damages – ongoing damages arising from the same injury, or damages arising from the repetition of similar acts within... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11052 | Intervening Damages – continuing damages to an appellee that accrue during the pendency and prosecution of an unsuccessful appea... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10941 | Prospective Damages – future damages that, based on the facts pleaded and proved by the plaintiff, can reasonably be expected to... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10959 | Proximate Damages – compensation for reasonably foreseeable harm that directly, immediately. and naturally results from the wron... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6923 | Types of Contract Damages – remedies available for breach of contract: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10899 | Benefit-of-the-Bargain Damages – damages a breaching party to a contract must pay to the aggrieved party, equal to the amounts t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11011 | doctrine of constructive service – the doctrine that an employee unlawfully dismissed from employment who holds himself ready an... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6925 | Expectation Damages – compensation awarded for the loss of what a person reasonably anticipated from a transaction that was not ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6931 | Foreseeable Damages – damages a breaching party knew or should have known when the contract was made would likely result from a ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10810 | Liquidated Damages – an amount contractually stipulated as a reasonable estimation of actual damages to be recovered by one part... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10926 | Nominal Damages – where no substantial loss occurs, however a tort or breach of contract occurred and the action is filed in ord... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10875 | Reliance (Loss) Damages – damages awarded or reimbursement for losses incurred by the plaintiff in reliance on the contract, to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10798 | Types of Damages § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10833 | Damage Adjustments Demanded After the Judgment in the Initial Trial: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10835 | Damages Ultra – additional damages claimed by a plaintiff who is not satisfied with the amounts the defendant paid into court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10837 | Excessive Damages – an award of damages by a verdict which appears to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudic... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10840 | Inadequate Damages – damages insufficient to fully and fairly compensate the parties; damages bearing no reasonable relation to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10953 | Damages Used When Defendant Acted with Malicious Intent: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10891 | Punitive Damages – awarded in addition to actual compensatory damages as a fine imposed as a form of punishment when the defenda... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10963 | Rescissory Damages – used primarily when the defendant’s fiduciaries unjustly enriched themselves by exercising their fiduciary ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10947 | Restitution Damages – damages awarded to a plaintiff when the defendant has been unjustly enriched at the plaintiff’s expense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7795 | Enhanced Damages – patent infringement ~3x the compensatory damages depending on defendant’s conduct |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10906 | Types of Damages Explicit to Businesses: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10908 | Headstart Damages – damages for profits lost by a corporate plaintiff because of competition from a defendant who misappropriat... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11053 | Incidental Damages – commercial term for consequential damages; losses reasonably associated with or related to actual damages |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11036 | Lost Profits Damages – a measure of damages that allows a seller to collect the profits that would have been made on the sale if... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10904 | Lost-Volume Damages – amount of profit lost because of lower sales |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11726 | § 4 – Provide Notice, then file a Claim: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10533 | Provide “Notice” – an essential element of “due process”; ensure all parties are property notified: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10501 | Types of Notices essential to (Court) Procedure: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10507 | Notice of Appeal – filed with a court (according to statute), stating intention to appeal a trial court’s judgment, order, or de... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10506 | Notice-of-Alibi Rule – a criminal defendant who intends to call an alibi witness at trial must give notice of who that witness i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10504 | Types of Notices mentioned in the UCC: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7059 | File a Claim – a legal demand for compensation, payment, or reimbursement, for a loss or injury caused by a breach of contract o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7839 | General Legal Terms Pertaining to Claims: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7863 | Claimant – one who claims or makes a claim; an applicant for justice; a plaintiff |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7841 | Claims Adjuster – a person who makes a determination of the value of a claim against an insurance company for the purpose of arr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7868 | Claims Courts – a federal or state court for asserting claims against the government |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11145 | General Terms for Various Types of Claims: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7881 | Ancillary Claim – a claim that is collateral to, dependent on, or auxiliary to another claim |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7885 | 28 USCA § 1367 – Supplemental jurisdiction |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11323 | Supplemental Claim – a claim for further relief based on events occurring after the original claim was made |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7891 | Antecedent Claim – a preexisting claim |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7893 | U.C.C. § 3-303. VALUE AND CONSIDERATION. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7897 | Apportionable Claim – a claim for economic loss or damage to property where, more than one wrongdoer is liable in proportion to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7825 | Honest Claim – made by someone who believes they have a right to something or that there is a chance that such right exists |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7826 | Liquidated Claim – a claim with a definite amount that was agreed upon, can easily be determined, or has already been determined |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7835 | Matured Claim – a claim based on a debt that is due for payment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11278 | Unliquidated Claim – a claim whose existence or amount is not agreed upon by the parties; or that cannot determined by applying ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11147 | Various Types of Claims: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7846 | Claim Against Decedent’s Estate – a debt that could have been enforced in a court against the decedent during his lifetime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7849 | Claim and Delivery – the name of an action to recover personal property wrongfully taken or held and, in some circumstances, to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11305 | Enhanced-Injury Claim – a cause of action in which a defendant’s liability stems from the defendant’s negligence or defective pr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11326 | Terms for Claims which have No Merit: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7901 | Colorable Claim – a claim that appears legally well founded, but may actually be false or invalid |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11317 | False Claim -an assertion or statement that is untrue, especially overbilling |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11318 | Fraudulent Claim – a claim for any benefit or payment based on an intentional fraudulent misrepresentation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11322 | Frivolous Claim – a claim that has no legal basis or merit |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7837 | Stale Claim – a claim that is barred by the statute of limitations or the defense of laches |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11311 | Types of Claims generally pertaining to Business & Commerce: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11059 | Commercial Tort Claim – business-related claim arising in tort pertaining, typically relating to fraud and conversion, etc. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11285 | Consumer Claim – a person’s legal claim based on having purchased defective goods or services for a noncommercial purpose |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11309 | False-Association Claim – based on the wrongful use of a distinctive name, mark, trade dress, or other device to misrepresent sp... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7833 | Maritime Claim – a claim related to a ship or a carriage of cargo by ship |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11332 | Types of Claims asserted after a Civil Action has been Commenced: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7852 | Claim (Prayer) for Relief – a complaint and any pleading which sets forth a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party cla... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9103 | Counterclaim – a cause of action within the defendant’s answer which may have been used to sue the plaintiff in a separate actio... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11298 | Legal Terms pertaining to Counterclaims: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11291 | Recoupment – reduction of a plaintiff’s damages because of a demand by the defendant arising out of the same transaction (as opp... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11289 | setoff (offset) – a counter demand which a defendant holds against a plaintiff, arising out of a separate transaction than the p... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11300 | Types of Counterclaims: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9105 | Compulsory Counterclaim – if a defendant fails to assert a compulsory counterclaim in the original action, that claim may not be... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9108 | Permissive Counterclaim – does not arise out of the same subject matter as the opposing party’s claim or involves third parties ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11302 | Cross-Claim – a claim asserted against a codefendant(s) or coplaintiff(s) in a case and that relates to the subject of the origi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11336 | Third-Party Claim – a claim to property held by the defendant, set forth in a third-party complaint |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9528 | § 5 – Commence a Civil Action to enforce, redress, or protect a private or civil right: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10759 | “Civil Action” – Related Terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15502 | action – a civil or criminal judicial proceeding |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10761 | suit – a broader term than “action” for a judicial proceeding of a civil kind, in pursuit of a legal or equitable remedy |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11093 | Types of Civil Actions § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11068 | Action (Suit) in Equity – a civil suit that seeks (non-monetary) equitable relief (an injunction or specific performance) as opp... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9688 | action in rem – wherein the named defendant is real or personal property, to determine who owns the title, and who has rights in... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9707 | action to quiet title – to establish a plaintiff’s title to land by compelling the adverse claimant to establish a claim or be f... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11076 | Possessory Action – an action to obtain, recover, or maintain possession of personal or real property, but not title to it |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11072 | Action at Law – an action where the only relief obtainable, appropriate, or sought is a legal remedy (a money judgment to recove... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9716 | Actions to Recover Money Wrongfully Paid |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9711 | Action Quasi In Rem – brought against a person, generally to subject certain property to the discharge of the claims asserted |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3918 | The 11 Historical Common-Law “Forms of Action”: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5696 | Forms of Action (& Writs) for Breach of Contract or (non-written) Agreement: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3937 | Action of Account – violation of fiduciary relation or to recover certain fixed sum of money for business contract breach |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3934 | Action of Covenant – to claim damages as a result of breach of contract, deed, or other covenant, to fine someone |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3932 | Debt – liability based on breach of contract or agreement, for the purpose of claiming a fixed sum of money |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3940 | Special Assumpsit – Breach of Contract |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3942 | General Assumpsit – Breach of (non-written) Promise or Agreement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5664 | Forms of Actions to Recover Wrongfully Imprisoned, Detained, or Withheld Persons or Property (and damages): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3925 | Action of Ejectment – an owner or occupier who was wrongfully ejected recovers possession, damages, & costs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5753 | Action for Mesne Profits – following a successful act of ejectment, a suit brought by a landowner to recover from losses resulte... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5771 | Federal Law Protects Indian Landowners from being Denied Right of First Refusal during Land Buyback Program |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3927 | detinue – recover personal property” (movable or intangible assets, but not “real property” such as land or buildings) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5987 | Writ of Detinue – recover “personal property” (movable or intangible assets, but not “real property” such as land or buildings) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3923 | Trover – recovery damages for property wrongfully taken & sold, given away, lost, etc. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3930 | replevin – repossess personal property wrongfully taken, or persons wrongfully detained, imprisoned, or encumbered (i.e. probati... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5678 | “Extraordinary Writs” (for extraordinary relief) for Replevy (Habeas Corpus): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2815 | writ of habeas corpus – command that a prisoner (or detainee or probatee) be brought before the court to challenge the legality ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5629 | U.S. Code Title § 2241. Power to grant writ |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5621 | U.S. Code Title 18 § 2254 – State custody; remedies in Federal courts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5626 | U.S. Code Title 28 § 2255. Federal custody; remedies on motion attacking sentence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15475 | personal replevin – a historical term for an action to replevy a person out of prison or out of another’s custody; replaced by t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15483 | replevin in the cepit – an action for the repossession of property wrongfully taken and wrongfully detained |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15485 | replevin in the detinet – an action for the repossession of property rightfully taken but wrongfully detained |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15487 | replevin in the detinuit – an action for damages resulting from the wrongful taking and detention of goods that have since been ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5982 | Writ of Deliverance – Order the Redeliver of Goods to the Owner |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3921 | Trespass On The Case – action to recover damages which occurred as a consequence for another’s action or inaction such as neglig... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5446 | (Vicontiel) Writ of Trespass – Wrongful Entry on Another’s Real Property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11088 | Types of Actions pertaining to the Recovery of Real Property (Land and/or Buildings): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11084 | Local Action – an action that can be brought only in the jurisdiction where the cause of action arose because that is the only p... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11086 | Petitory Action – an action for the recovery of real property by showing an proving title to ownership |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11095 | Types of Civil Actions § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9672 | Penal Action – a civil action to prove a wrongdoer violated a statute, thereby subjecting the wrongdoer to pay a fine directly t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9666 | personal action – brought against a person (“in personam”) for recovery of debt, damages, or personal property relating to any t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9663 | Action ex contractu – a personal action arising out of a contract |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9679 | Action ex delicto – a personal action arising out of a tort |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7702 | Wrongful Eviction Action – a lawsuit brought by a former tenant or possessor of real property against one who has put the plaint... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2488 | Intro |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3296 | jurisprudence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3987 | Equity Jurisprudence – the legal science of applying the principles of fairness that supersede otherwise literal translation of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8316 | Counterbalancing Legal Considerations of a Court in Determining Equity: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8545 | Business Owners’ Equity – the aggregate of the owners’ financial interests in the assets of a business entity: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8326 | Perfect Equity – an equitable title or right that, to be a legal title, lacks only the formal conveyance or other investiture th... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8318 | Contravening Equity – a right or interest that is inconsistent with or contrary to a right sought to be enforced |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8321 | Countervailing Equity – a contrary and balancing equity, equally deserving of consideration |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8324 | Latent Equity – an equitable claim or right known only by the parties for and against whom it exists, or that has been concealed... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8329 | Negative Equity – the difference between the value of an asset and the outstanding amount of the loan secured by the asset when ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12532 | Court of Chancery – the English court of equity, where one appealed to the “King’s Conscience” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12539 | Chancellor – a judge of a court of chancery |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12546 | Lord High Chancellor – the highest judicial officer in England, speaker of the House of Lords, member of the Cabinet, and presid... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12544 | Master in Lunacy – a judicial officer appointed by the Lord Chancellor to conduct inquiries into the state of mind of people all... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12541 | Master of Chancery – an assistant of the chancellor having the function of performing judicial or ministerial acts, including in... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7242 | Roman “Civil Republic” State Law – a “fixed body of statutes” designed to eliminate crime & secure private property rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8733 | State Law Consists of Two Parts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8678 | Adjective Law – the body of rules governing procedure and practice (“procedural law”) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6692 | (Rules of) Procedure – the judicial rule or manner for carrying on a civil class suit or criminal prosecution: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12390 | Proceeding – the regular and orderly progression of a lawsuit, including all acts and events between the time of commencement an... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10483 | process – the means of compelling a defendant to appear in court (civil or criminal cases), and all the acts of the court from t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10489 | due process |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10547 | Various Forms of Due Process: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10542 | Procedural Due Process – a regular course of justice, which is not unreasonable or arbitrary, with minimal requirements of notic... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10549 | Substantive Due Process – the doctrine that the Due Process Clauses of the 5th and 14th Amendments require legislation to be fai... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10554 | Economic Substantive Due Process – the doctrine that certain social policies, such as the freedom of contract or the right to en... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10557 | Essential Components of Due Process: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10493 | Due Notice – receiving “notice” is an essential component of “due process”, ensuring ensures a person (1) has actual knowledge ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12382 | Fair Hearing – a judicial or administrative hearing conducted in accordance with due process |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8749 | Practice – the procedural methods and rules used in a court of law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8731 | Substantive Law – creates, defines, and regulates the rights, duties, and powers of parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8810 | Officer – holds a position of trust or authority (an “office”) in either the government, a private organization, or in the armed... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11197 | 28 U.S.C. § 2671. “Employee of the government” (definition) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8762 | Officers of the Court – charged with upholding the law and administering the judicial system |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8842 | Judge – a public official appointed or elected to hear and decide legal matters in in court; a judicial officer who has the auth... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8764 | Lawyer – someone licensed to practice law, and thus qualified to advise about legal matters, prepare contracts and other legal i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13072 | Cause Lawyering – the practice of a lawyer who advocates for social justice by combining the activities of litigation, community... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14428 | practice of law – the professional work of a lawyer (i.e. conducting court cases, preparing transaction-related paperwork, prepa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8759 | Unauthorized Practice of Law – practice of law by a nonlawyer who has not been licensed or admitted to practice law in a given j... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8806 | Sheriff – usually an elected office, duties include custodian of the county jail, executes civil and criminal process, and carri... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14230 | posse comitatus – a group of citizens summoned by a sheriff or other peace officer to assist him in maintaining order or making ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8836 | Sheriff’s Sale – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8820 | Deputy Sheriff – an officer who, acting under the direction of a sheriff, may perform most of the duties of the sheriff ’s offic... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8852 | Marshal – judicial officer who provides court security, executes process (carries out orders), and performs other tasks for the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10613 | The Five Books of Modern Germanic Civil Code: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10628 | Family Law – marriage, divorce, adoption, child custody and support, child abuse and neglect, paternity, assisted reproductive t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10626 | General Principle of Law – a principle recognized in all kinds of legal relations, regardless of the legal system to which it be... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8797 | Law of Obligations – the category of law dealing with the modes of acquiring property in personam (relating to persons), particu... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8773 | Law of Property – the category of law dealing with proprietary rights in rem (relating to “things”), such as personal servitudes... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8803 | Law of Status – the category of law dealing with personal or nonproprietary rights, whether in rem (relating to “things”) or in ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7579 | Carried throughout Europe by Royal Judeo-Danish Viking Order (Western Roman Catholic Germanic Empire) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8348 | Praetorium Law – magistrates responsible for identifying and framing legal issues in a case and for ordering a lay judge (judex)... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8351 | Praetor AErarius – a praetor connected with the treasury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8353 | Praetor Fideicommissarius – a special praetor having jurisdiction over cases involving trusts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8356 | Praetor Peregrinus – a praetor who decided cases between citizens and foreigners and cases between foreigners |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8358 | Praetor Tutelaris – a praetor who dealt with the affairs of minors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8360 | Praetor Urbanus – a praetor who decided cases between citizens |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2435 | Admiralty Law – international commercial law exercising jurisdiction over maritime issues: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9415 | Commerce – the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale involving transportation between cities, states, and ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9469 | Droits of Admiralty – the Lord High Admiral’s rights to goods which have been abandoned or captured at sea in time of war by a n... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3983 | Common Law – body of royal decrees, customs, and judicial decisions based on moral reason instead of statutes or constitutions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7228 | Common Law Pleadings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9643 | right to homestead (“homestead exemption”) – the right to occupy land for use as a home, with the land, house, and outbuildings ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16945 | declaration of homestead – a statement filed with the county recorder, describing the property and showing the world that the o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16934 | homestead – an artificial estate in land, devised to protect the possession and enjoyment of the owner against the claims of his... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16940 | homesteader – the claimant, who either acquires or occupies, a homestead |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8127 | Cultural Roots of Indo-European Systems of Law and Equity: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7572 | “Scottish Rite” founded by the Picts and Gaels 800-900 A.D. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8794 | Law Merchant – a system of customary law (modern day U.C.C.) that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and regulated the d... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8799 | Law of Shipping – the part of maritime law relating to the building, equipping, registering, owning, inspecting, transporting, a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8801 | Law of the Flag – the law of the country whose flag is flown governs a ship’s affairs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8862 | Laws of the Barbarians – customary laws of Germanic tribes during the Middle Ages |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8872 | Law of the Bugundians – the law of the (Germanic) Burgundians, first published about AD. 495 |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8867 | Law of the Visigoths – early 6th century code of Roman law applied to Hispano-Roman and Gallo-Roman peoples ruled by the Germani... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8830 | Salic Law – principal compilation of early Germanic law developed by Salian Franks |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13750 | Presentment of Englishry – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8790 | Historical Legal Dialects: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8765 | Law French – the corrupted form of the Norman French language that arose in England in the centuries after William the Conqueror... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8770 | Law Latin – corrupted form of Latin (mixed with French and English) used in law and legal documents, including writs, royal char... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7588 | § § of Law Embedded into U.S. Law Pursuant to the American Revolution: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2038 | First Amendment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2191 | Fair Use policy |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2051 | “Giving Money” (& other things) may be done as “A Form of Expression” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2043 | Filming Public Officials is a Well-Established Right |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=900 | “First Amendment Activities” protected in Front of Shopping Centers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3027 | State Employees Swear to Uphold The U.S. Constitution and State Constitution – bound to uphold Local, State, and Federal Laws |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2932 | Public Officials are “Liable” if they violate their Constitutional Oath |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7598 | Erasure of “Sovereign Immunity” Legal Defense – administrators, officers, and lawmakers may be held accountable for violating ci... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2713 | U.S. Embassies; Designed to Protect the Rights of People Overseas & to Stop Wars |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2806 | The 14th Amendment guarantees “Equal Protection of the Laws” to Non-Citizens |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7309 | Indian Country Law: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7526 | Legal Term Definitions pertaining to Indian Country § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7379 | American Indian Tribe – a definable group with sociological, cultural, and familial links who resides on one reservation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7331 | (Indian) Treaty – a contract formally signed, ratified, or adhered to between two countries or sovereigns, or a contract between... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7326 | Reservation – a country’s formal declaration, upon signing or ratifying a treaty, that it becomes party to the treaty conditione... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7328 | Indian Reservation – an area that the federal government has designated for use by an American Indian tribe, where the tribe gen... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7332 | Indian law – the body of law dealing with American Indian tribes and their relationships to federal & state governments, private... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7760 | § § of The Constitution pertaining to Indian Country – coming soon. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9408 | Bureau of Indian Affairs – a unit in the U.S. Department of the Interior responsible for helping Indian and Alaskan native peopl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9406 | Commerce with the Indian Tribes – governed by a separate set of laws known as Admiralty |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9396 | Indian Marriage, Adoption, and Divorce – subject to local laws and established customs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7355 | Indian title – a right of occupancy, constituting possession rather than ownership, that the federal government grants to an Ame... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7347 | Tribal Court – a quasi-independent court composed of tribal members, usually situated on a reservation and varying in procedure ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7359 | Tribal-Exhaustion Doctrine – the general principle that when an Indian tribal court has jurisdiction, the parties must pursue al... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7527 | Legal Term Definitions pertaining to Indian Country § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7323 | Indian Country – all land within the borders of any Indian reservation together with the land occupied by any Indian community n... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9405 | Indian Allotment – a conveyance of land by the U.S. to an individual Indian or to a tribe, the title of which is held in trust b... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7336 | Indian Land – land owned by the U.S. but held in trust for & used by the American Indians |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7377 | Tribal Land – any part of an Indian reservation not allotted to or occupied by individual Indians but instead held in common by ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7361 | Supreme Court Rulings affecting Indian Country: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7363 | National Farmer’s Union Ins. Co. v. Crow Tribe – unedited |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7392 | Pre-Contact Indian Country Political Associations: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7409 | 19 Pueblo Indian Tribes – coming soon |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9425 | The Pueblo Core Values |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9436 | California Indians |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7407 | Desert Southwest American Indian Tribes – coming soon |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7415 | Great Plains Tribes – coming soon |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7405 | The Oceti Sakowin (“7 Fires”) – Siouan-Speaking Great Plains Tribes – coming soon |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7390 | The Iroquois Confederacy – includes the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora tribes |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7397 | The Great Law of Peace – the legal system of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5206 | Various forms of Jurisdiction |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=17021 | Subject-Matter, Personal, & Territorial Jurisdiction: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8897 | personal jurisdiction – a court’s power to bring a person into its adjudicative process; jurisdiction over a defendant’s persona... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5163 | Types of “Persons” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8954 | Party – a person interested in the outcome of litigation, who may or may not be a party of record, &/or a person who has engaged... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8887 | natural persons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8856 | artificial persons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9561 | corporations |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9609 | Body Politic (and Corporate) – a body of Citizens and the public corporation that governs them under a social compact by which t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11025 | Nonstock Corporation – a “membership corporation” not organized for profit, which does not issue shares of stock as evidence of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11023 | Nonprofit Corporation – a corporation without stockholders, created for or devoted to charitable purposes or supported by charit... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9569 | Private Corporation – founded by and composed of private individuals principally for a nonpublic purpose (i.e. manufacturing, ba... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9566 | Public Corporation – created by the state as an agency in the administration of civil government, and managed by a publicly appo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9497 | municipal corporation – a public corporation created for political purposes and endowed with political powers to be exercised fo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9498 | Town – a center of population that is larger and more fully developed than a village, but that (traditionally speaking) is not i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9495 | Village – a modest assemblage of houses and buildings for dwellings and businesses or a municipal corporation with a smaller po... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10780 | Organization – a body of persons formed to engage ina common activity or to pursue a common purpose |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9602 | Association – an unincorporated collection of persons with no legal existence independent of its members; if it has sufficient c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10766 | Interest Group – an association of people who join together to try to influence popular opinion or government action |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9598 | Partnership – a voluntary association of two or more persons who jointly own and carry on a business for profit as co-owners |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10777 | Pressure Group – an interest group or an organization that engages in a campaign to sway public opinion and change government po... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10770 | Special Interest Group – an organization that seeks to influence legislation or govern policy in favor of a particular interest ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10767 | Political-Action Committee – An organization formed by a special-interest group to raise and contribute money to the campaigns o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8676 | State – a system of relations by which jurisdiction and authority are devised and maintained by a community of politically organ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8697 | Types &/or Conditions of States: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8688 | Client State – a country that is obliged to cede some control of its external relations to some foreign power or powers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8692 | Code State – a state that has procedurally merged law and equity into one system, and having only one form of civil action |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8695 | Composite State – a state that comprises an aggregate or group of constituent states |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8709 | Federal State – wherein the sovereignty of the entire state is divided between the central or federal government and the local g... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8716 | Imperial State – a composite state wherein the central government possesses sovereignty from and over the states |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8706 | Failed State – has lost of physical control of its territory, ability to provide reasonable public services, &/or having an eros... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8713 | Free State – a political community organized independently of all others |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8703 | Microstate – consists of a small territory and a small population and that is recognized as a state for international-law purpos... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8727 | Sovereign State – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8721 | Terms for a State Located along the Coast: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8690 | Coastal State – a country that borders on an ocean or sea |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8719 | Littoral State – a state that has a coast |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8987 | types of litigants |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8962 | Technical Terms for Various Types of Litigants on the Offense: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8942 | Complainant – a person who files a formal accusation of a crime or a plaintiff in a civil suit (court of equity) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8939 | Plaintiff – a person who brings a civil suit in a court of law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14274 | prosecutor – an attorney who represents the state or federal government in criminal prosecution, or a private person who carries... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8976 | Appellant – a party who appeals a lower court’s decision, usually seeking reversal of that decision |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8972 | Petitioner – a party who presents a petition to a court or other official body, especially when seeking relief |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8966 | Technical Terms for Various Types of Litigants on the Defense: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8981 | appellee – a party against whom an appeal is taken from a lower court to a higher court & whose role is to respond to that appea... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8945 | Defendant – a person sued in a civil proceeding or accused in a criminal proceeding |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8946 | Respondant – the party against whom an appeal is taken to a higher court; the appellee or the defendant in a suit in equity |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8958 | Third-Party Defendant – a party brought into a lawsuit by the original defendant |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8899 | subject-matter jurisdiction – jurisdiction over the nature of the case (the material which is the subject of a lawsuit) and the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8907 | in rem Jurisdiction – a court’s power to adjudicate the rights to a given piece of property (i.e. action to quiet title; civil f... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8905 | territorial jurisdiction – jurisdiction over cases arising in or involving persons residing within a defined territory |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2505 | Federal, State (County, Municipal), & Tribal Courts – what’s the difference? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2510 | state courts – includes county, municipal, superior, and other courts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=17080 | Jurisdiction of State Courts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4938 | municipal court – a local court whose territorial jurisdiction is limited to the municipality, and subject matter jurisdiction i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=17084 | Various Types of State Courts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2619 | county court – a state court with powers and jurisdiction dictated by a state constitution or statute |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2582 | State Appellate Courts; for Appealing “Superior” Court Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2593 | State Supreme Courts; Operate under State Constitutions & State Interests |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2528 | All Federal Courts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9905 | Article III “Constitutional Courts” – tribunals established to handle litigation, having greater independence from the other two... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2521 | U.S. Supreme Court – located in Washington D.C., reviews unprecedented cases and announces Supreme Court Decisions which may be ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4092 | Supreme Court Rulings Neatly Categorized: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9956 | Batson v. Kentucky (1986) – an opposing party cannot use a peremptory challenge to exclude a potential juror on the basis of rac... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5867 | Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – ended segregation in school, declaring that separate educational facilities are inherently... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9921 | Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938) – In interpreting the common law, the federal court is bound by declaration of the highest ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9964 | Supreme Court Rulings – use of highway for purpose of travel and transportation is a right which cannot be deprived (no license ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5556 | Supreme Court Rulings favoring Pro Se Litigants |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16968 | Wallace v. Kato (2007) – for false arrest cases, the statute of limitations begins to run on the date of the arrest – not at the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2524 | U.S. Courts of Appeal for the Federal Circuit – review cases appealed from federal district courts, and in some cases from admin... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2519 | U.S. Federal District Courts – original jurisdiction over virtually all cases, where the factual record is established, the only... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9902 | U.S. Court of International Trade – nationwide jurisdiction over civil actions arising out of the customs and international trad... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9851 | Article I “Legislative Courts” – have administrative, quasi-legislative, and judicial duties used for the express purpose of hel... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9860 | U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces – worldwide appellate jurisdiction over members of the armed forces on active duty an... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9854 | U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims – reviews Board of Veterans’ Appeals decisions appealed by claimants who believe the B... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9870 | U.S. Tax Court – a trial court to expeditiously resolve disputes between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2566 | U.S. Court of Federal Claims – Handles Complex, Often Large, Unprecedented Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10740 | Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10736 | diversity jurisdiction – jurisdiction of a federal court in all civil actions when parties are from different states (or foreign... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10734 | Diversity of Citizenship – A basis for federal-court jurisdiction that exists when (1) a case is between citizens of different ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9042 | federal-question jurisdiction – exercise of federal-court power over claims arising under the U.S. Constitution, an act of Congr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4067 | Tribal Courts – & Legal Information |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9890 | equity jurisdiction – a court’s power to grant relief not available at law when justice so demands |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=17016 | Original and Appellate Jurisdiction: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9833 | appellate jurisdiction – the power of a court to review and revise a lower court’s decision |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9828 | original jurisdiction – a court’s power to hear and decide a matter before any other court can review the matter |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13488 | Judicial Proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13495 | Terms used in Civil and Criminal Proceedings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9807 | All About Jury Trials |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10355 | How to Demand either a Jury Trial or Bench Trial: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10301 | Jury Fee – a (usually minimal) fee that a party to a civil suit must pay the court clerk to be entitled to a jury trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10169 | Types of Juries Available: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10334 | General Descriptive Terms for Various Types of Juries: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10204 | Foreign Jury – a jury obtained from a jurisdiction other than that in which the case is brought |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10219 | Impartial Jury – a jury that has no opinion about the case at the start of the trial and that bases its verdict on competent leg... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10108 | Jury of Peers – a jury comprised of persons equal in status, rank, &/or character as the accused |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10239 | Jury of the Vicinage – a jury from the county (“vicinity”) where the crime occurred |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10241 | Mixed Jury – a jury composed of both men and women or persons of different races |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10243 | Petit “Common” Jury – usually consisting of 6 or 12 persons, summoned and empaneled in the trial of a specific case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10173 | Types of Juries in Criminal Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10175 | Anonymous Jury – a jury whose identities cannot be disclosed because, for example, the individual jurors may be subjected to int... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10193 | Death-Qualified Jury – a jury that is fit to decide a case involving the death penalty because the jurors have no absolute ideol... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10188 | Life-Qualified Jury – in a case involving a capital crime, a jury selected from within a jury panel wherein the judge has exclu... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10341 | Types of Juries used in Specific, Complex Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10181 | Blue-Ribbon Jury – consists of persons of particular advanced education or special training in order to hear a complex civil cas... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10202 | Dual Juries – two separately impaneled juries for two (or two sets of) defendants in a single trial — some evidence being commo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10256 | Sheriff’s Jury – selected and summoned by a sheriff to hold inquests for various purposes (i.e. assessing damages, ascertaining ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10259 | Special or “Struck” Jury – usually at a party’s request, “striking a jury” from a panel drawn specifically for an unusually impo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10325 | Types of Juries used to Determine Cause of Death: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10186 | Coroner’s Jury – summoned by a coroner to make an inquiry into the cause of death of a person |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10221 | Inquest Jury – summoned by a coroner, medical examiner, sheriff, or other ministerial officer in order to determine the cause of... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10327 | Types of Juries that Deliver Non-Binding Verdicts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10168 | Advisory Jury – a jury impaneled in a case in which the parties are not entitled to a jury trial as a matter of right, wherein t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10254 | Shadow Jury – a group of mock jurors paid to observe a trial and report their reactions to a jury consultant hired by one of the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10263 | Summary Jury Trial (SJT) – a court-ordered settlement technique sometimes used by the federal courts in complex cases that would... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10228 | Types of Juries used Historically: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10217 | Homage Jury – historically, a jury in a court baron, consisting of tenants who made homage to the lord |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10223 | Jury de medietate linguae – historically, a jury comprised of half natives and half aliens, allowed when one of the parties is a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10227 | Jury of Matrons – a jury of “discreet and lawful women” impaneled to try a question of pregnancy, as when a woman sentenced to d... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9986 | Amendment VII – guarantees “right of trial by jury” and “common rules of evidence” for civil suits |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10388 | Jury Selection Process: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10333 | Jury Panel Selection Process: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10062 | Jury Commissioner – an official who is responsible for compiling jury lists, drawing jurors for a panel, and then summoning them... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10298 | Jury Duty – the obligation to serve on a jury or the act thereof |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10065 | Jury List – a roster of all people within a jurisdiction who possess the necessary legal qualifications for jury duty, or a list... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10069 | Jury Panel aka “Venire” – the jury (list) empaneled for the trial of a particular case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10312 | Jury Process – the papers served on or mailed to potential jurors to compel their attendance, and the procedure by which jurors ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10314 | Jury Shuffle – a process for rearranging jury panel members whereby cards are shuffled to rearrange them before voir dire (juror... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10048 | Jury Wheel – a physical device or electronic system used for storing and randomly selecting names of potential jurors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10319 | Veniremember – a prospective juror; a member of a jury panel |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10381 | Jury Selection – the process of systematically eliminating potential jurors from a jury panel: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10272 | Voir Dire (Examination) – a preliminary examination of a prospective juror by a judge or litigant(‘s counsel) to decide whether ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9943 | (Types of) Challenges to Eliminate Jurors: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9953 | As-Applied Challenge – a claim that a law or governmental policy, though constitutional on its face, is unconstitutional as appl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9955 | Batson Challenge (and Batson Rule) – object that an opposing party has used a peremptory challenge to exclude a potential juror ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10276 | Challenge for Cause – a party’s objection to a juror, supported by a specified reason, which should disqualify the potential jur... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10273 | Peremptory Challenge – a final, absolute challenge to a juror that a party may exercise without having to give a reason |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10268 | Talesmen – a juror summoned from among bystanders in the courthouse to complete a jury panel when, because of challenge or other... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10058 | General Legal Terms pertaining to Juries: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9932 | Jury Box – that portion of the court room in which the jury are seated during the trial of a case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10287 | Sequestration of Jury – a court order prohibiting the members of a jury from having public contact, reading newspapers, watching... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10266 | Jury Speech – the opening or closing statement of counsel in a jury trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10384 | Deliberation and Verdict: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10344 | Deliberation (Deliberate) – carefully considering issues and options before making a decision or taking some action; especially,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10082 | Jury Question – a question of fact, which a jury decides, as opposed to a question of law, decided by a judge |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10073 | Jury Room – the room in a courthouse wherein the jury conducts its deliberations |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10316 | Jury Verdict Form – a document announcing the judgment or verdict of the jury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10285 | Polling the Jury – a procedure whereby each juror who participated in the verdict is asked individually if they support the verd... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10291 | Presiding Juror – usually elected by the jury at the start of deliberations, chairs the jury during deliberations and speaks for... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10101 | Request for Instructions – a written request to the judge for jury instructions, made by either party, usually after both sides ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10086 | Special Interrogatory – a written question about the facts (as a form of discovery), directed to the jury, whose answer is requi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10308 | Types of Verdicts a Jury can Render: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10076 | Hung Jury – a jury that cannot reach a unanimous verdict or a verdict supported by the requisite number or jurors by the require... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10304 | Jury Nullification – a jury’s knowing and deliberate refusal to apply the law, generally because the law itself is contrary to t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10310 | Jury Pardon – a rule that permits a jury to convict a defendant of a lesser offense than the offense charged if sufficient evide... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10055 | Jury Instructions (types) – given by a judge to a jury concerning the law of the case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10148 | “Obstructions of Justice” associated with Jury Trials: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10150 | Embracery (tampering) – the crime of attempting to corrupt, influence, instruct, or induce a judge or jury other than by evidenc... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10146 | Jury-Fixing – illegally procuring the cooperating of one or more jurors to influence the outcome of the trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10144 | Packing a Jury – contriving to have a jury composed of persons who are predisposed toward one side or the other |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10245 | Rogue Jury – ignores the law and evidence, reaching a capricious verdict based on unrevealed, deeply held prejudices; on undue s... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10156 | Separation of Jury – the failure of the officer in charge of the jury to keep them together after they have retired for delibera... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10294 | Stealth Juror – deliberately fails to disclose a relevant bias in order to qualify as a juror and bases a decision on that bias ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13513 | Court Rulings, Orders, Decrees, Judgments, etc.: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4007 | Court Orders |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6734 | Types of Court Orders § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6806 | Final Judgment – last action that settles the rights of the parties and disposes of all issues in controversy, except for the aw... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6584 | Subpoena – command a person to appear in court, subject to a penalty for failing to comply |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5600 | Show Cause Order – directs a party to appear in court & explain why the party took (or failed to take) some action or why the co... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6150 | Peremptory Mandamus – an absolute command to the defendant after they default on, or fail to show sufficient cause in answer to,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6736 | Types of Court Orders § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6155 | Additur – with the defendant’s consent, increases the jury’s award of damages to avoid a new trial on grounds of inadequate dama... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6147 | Interlocutory Order – a judicial determination found within a case that does not constitute a final resolution of the whole cont... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6787 | Mandate (i)- judicial command directed to an officer of the court to enforce a court order |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6791 | Mandate (ii)- order from an appellate court directing a lower court to take a specified action |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5596 | Minute Order – recorded in the minutes of the court rather than directly on a case docket |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6152 | Remittitur – an order requiring a Plaintiff to choose between a new trial or lowering the damages amount below what the jury had... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4010 | Writs – written court orders commanding the addressee to do or refrain from doing a specified act: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6041 | Various Types of Writs, Generally: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6167 | Conventional Writ – standard writ seeking damages to be recovered |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4024 | Original Writs – initial writs used to commence an action – usually the Summons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14110 | Warrant – a writ used to direct or authorize someone to do an act, usually a law enforcer to make an arrest, a search, or a seiz... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4026 | Subsequent Writs – Writs issued *After* Original Writs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4032 | “Patent Writs” & “Close Writs”- “Publicly-Accessible Writs” & “Classified Writs” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5328 | extraordinary writs – issued by a court exercising unusual or discretionary power; used for providing extraordinary remedies: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5339 | Writ of Certiorari – issued by an appellate court, directing a lower court to deliver the record in the case for review |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5331 | writ of mandamus – issued to compel performance of a particular act by a lower court or a governmental officer or body, usually ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6812 | Alternative Mandamus – issued upon the first application for relief, commanding the defendant either to perform the act demanded... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5346 | Writ of Consultation – issued by an appellate court ordering a lower court to proceed in a matter the lower court previously ref... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5348 | Writ of Prohibition – issued by an appellate court to prevent a lower court from exceeding jurisdiction or to prevent a nonjudic... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6405 | All Types of Writs § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6163 | (Writs of) Injunction – a variety of writs to command or prevent an action that the plaintiff has shown to be necessary to preve... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6017 | Writs for Releasing Inmates or Persons in Custody: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6020 | Writ of Deliverance – court’s order directing that a person in custody be released |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6022 | Writ of Habeas Corpus – command that a prisoner (or detainee or one on probation) be brought before the court to challenge the l... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6055 | Writs for Claiming Damages or Fining Someone Due to Breach of Written or Implied Contract: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6057 | Writ of Covenant – claim damages as a result of breach of contract, deed, or other covenant, to fine someone |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6063 | Writ of Debt – to claim a fixed sum of money due to breach of written or implied contract |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5309 | Writs for Recovering Property, Estates, or Damages as a Result of Loss Thereof: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6109 | Writs Pertaining to the Recovery of Land &/or Damages as a Result of Unlawful Loss of Land: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6111 | Writ of Ejectment – used for the recovery of land |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6116 | Writ of Entry – allows a person wrongfully dispossessed of real property to enter & retake the property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6118 | Writ of Escheat – allows a lord to take possession of lands that had reverted to him when a tenant dies without heirs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6120 | Writ of Estrepement – to prevent waste by a tenant while a suit to recover the land is pending against the tenant (replaced by i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5991 | Proprietary Writ – ownership of something is sought to be restored, whether lands, goods, or money, including writs of debt, det... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6033 | Writ of Attachment – orders legal seizure of a property or person to satisfy a creditor’s claim |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6122 | writ of execution – directs officers to enforce a judgment, often, but not always, by seizing & selling the judgment debtor’s pr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5277 | Writs to Recover Property (estates) of Ancestors/Relatives: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5308 | Alternative Writ or Optional Writ – command the defendant do a specified thing, or show why it has not been done or should not b... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6407 | All Types of Writs § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6702 | Writ of Ne Exeat – restrain a person not to leave the jurisdiction of the court or the state |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6005 | Writs Issued by Higher Courts Mandating Lower Courts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6066 | (Writ of) executione judicii – directs a judge of an inferior court to issue execution on a judgment in that court, or return re... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6004 | Writ of Error – directs a lower court to deliver the record in the case for review |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6013 | Writ of Certiorari – Extraordinary writ similar to Writ of Error but available when Writ of Error is not |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6100 | Writs to Counteract Various Forms of Fraud: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6099 | Writ of Deceit – against one who deceives & damages another by acting in the other’s name |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5360 | “Vicontiel” Writs & Writs of Capias – Directed to the Sheriff |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5398 | Vicontiel (Sheriff/County) Writs founded on Torts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5403 | (Vicontiel) Writ of Replevin – for repossession of personal property wrongfully taken or detained (withheld) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5400 | (Vicontiel) Writ of Trespass – Wrongful Entry on Another’s Real Property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6138 | Writ of Distringas – orders the sheriff to seize jurors’ goods to compel them to appear for jury service |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5995 | Writ of Exigent – to declare someone an outlaw &/or demand immediate summons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5998 | Writ of fieri facias – directs a marshal or sheriff to seize & sell a judgment debtor’s property to satisfy a money judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6000 | Writ of Inquiry – to determine the amount of damages suffered by a plaintiff who has won a default judgment on an unliquidated c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5395 | Writ of Justice – commands the Sheriff to do Justice when a Contract is breached |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6002 | Writ of levari facias – order a sheriff to seize a judgment debtor’s goods & income from lands until the judgment debt is satisf... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6140 | Writ of Ventitioni – requires a sale of goods that were seized under an earlier writ |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5990 | Writs of Replevin – return of property that has been taken to another county |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6074 | Miscellaneous Writs: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6585 | Subpoena – command a person to appear in court, subject to a penalty for failing to comply |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6035 | Writ of Audita Querela – a judgment debtor seeks a rehearing due to newly discovered evidence or newly existing legal defenses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6037 | Writ of Conspiracy – to indict someone who wrongfully accused another of treason or a felony |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6197 | Writ of coram nobis – correct a previous error to achieve justice when a judgment was rendered without full knowledge of the fac... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6107 | Writ of Dower – to assign dower (inheritance of 1/3 of husband’s land upon his death) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6127 | Writ of Extent – seizure of property secured for the recovery of a debt |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6136 | Writ of False Judgment – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6129 | Writ of Formedon – for claiming a right to an inheritance including land |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6038 | Writ of Right – issued to enforce a right which exists |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6145 | Uncategorized Writs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6031 | Writ of Association – directs a Clerk to assist justices & sergeants to ensure an adequate supply of commissioners for a court s... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6134 | Writs that have been Abolished |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6413 | History, Purpose, & Usage of Writs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2083 | Unsorted: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2086 | “Cease & Desist”; Halt Rights-Violating Activity of an Individual, Executive Branch Agency, OR Organization |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2092 | “Restraining Order”; Keep Another “Person” Away from a Designated Perimeter |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9299 | Dismissal – a court order for a case, motion, or prosecution to be terminated |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2134 | “Stay of Execution”; Halt a Judge’s Order or Past Ruling by Submitting “Unconsidered Information” to the Federal Judicial System |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2206 | “Notice of Constitutional Question”; Overturn Any Statute, Code, Ordinance (etc.) or Act of Congress Ever |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2878 | “Rescission of Contract”; Exit a Written Contract if Full Terms & Conditions were Not Disclosed OR were Deceptively Confusing |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13759 | Disposition – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13533 | judgment – final determination of rights and obligations of each party, or a formal declaration to the accused, with legal conse... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13531 | adjudication – may refer to the process of judicially deciding a case, or a court’s final judgment, usually made after the trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15611 | declaratory judgment – declares conclusively the rights, duties, or status of the parties, but orders no executory or coercive r... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13541 | decree – modernly, synonymous with “judgment” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15602 | default judgment – rendered upon an omission by the defendant to take a necessary step in the action within the proper time |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13512 | Ruling – a determination made during the course of a trial, or the final decision in a case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13632 | Evidence – testimony, documents, and tangible objects which prove or disprove the existence of an alleged fact |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13655 | Burden of Proof – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13662 | Burden of Persuasion – a party’s duty to convince the fact-finder (judge or jury) to view the facts in a way that favors that p... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13679 | Exhibit – a document, record, or other tangible object formally introduced as evidence in court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13671 | Fact – a deed; an act; that which exists and is real and true — which actually took place — not that which might not have occurr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14285 | preponderance of evidence – in civil suits, the party whose evidence is more convincing has a “preponderance of the evidence” on... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13666 | Proof – the effect of evidence; the establishment of a fact by evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13691 | Sufficient Evidence – evidence such as will satisfy an unprejudiced mind of the truth of that which the court or jury has found ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13563 | Hearing – a judicial session, usually open to the public, held for the purpose of deciding issues of fact or of law, sometimes w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13574 | Administrative Law Hearings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13578 | Daubert Hearing – conducted by federal district courts, usually before trial, to determine whether proposed expert testimony mee... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13576 | Family Law Hearings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13600 | Pretrial – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13626 | Deposition – a transcript of a witness’s out-of-court testimony, given under oath, usually before the hearing, in response to wr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10083 | Interrogatories – written questions, which are a form of discovery, submitted to an opposing party in a lawsuit, or , in limited... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5154 | Pleadings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9058 | Pleadings (civil): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9237 | Initial Civil Pleadings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9007 | Civil Complaint – commences the civil action, stating the basis for the court’s jurisdiction, the plaintiff’s claim, and specifi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9081 | Amending or Adding Information to a Complaint that was Previously Filed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9030 | Petition – a formal written request presented to a court or other official body |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9272 | Juvenile Petition – a juvenile-court petition alleging delinquent conduct by the accused |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9288 | Petition for Highway – an application by property owners for the opening of a highway |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9293 | Petition for Improvement – a property owner’s petition for the construction of a public improvement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9286 | Petition for Probate – to request the court to admit a will to probate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9276 | Petition in Intervention – to join the plaintiff in claiming what is sought or to join the defendant in resisting what is sought... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9262 | Petition of Rights – for recovery of wrongfully detained property &/or person(s) held in custody |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9274 | Referendum Petition – a petition demanding that newly proposed, or previously enacted, legislation be submitted to the people fo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9248 | Types of Petitions pertaining to Bankruptcy Court: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9243 | Types of Petitions pertaining to Patents: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9257 | Types of Petitions pertaining to Rehearings, Appeals, and Appellate Courts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4430 | Petition the Government for a Redress of Grievances |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9026 | 2. Answer – defendant’s first pleading, either to deny the allegations of the complaint, demur to them, agree with them, or intr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8204 | Objection in Point of Law – a defensive pleading by which the defendant admits the facts alleged by the plaintiff but objects th... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9060 | Pleadings (criminal): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9101 | Historical Pleadings Not Included or Replaced within current Fed. Rules: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9089 | Counter-Complaint – a complaint filed by a defendant against the plaintiff, alleging that the plaintiff has committed a breach a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9159 | Demurrer – a pleading stating that although the facts alleged in a complaint may be true, they’re insufficient for the plaintiff... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9337 | Demurrer Book – a record of the pleadings in an action which lead up to an issue of law; used by the court and counsel in formu... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9344 | Demurrer ore tenus – presented orally rather than as a written pleadings, often to point out a defect in the opponent’s case as ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9320 | Demurrer to Evidence – an admission that although the evidence is true, but argues that such facts do not, in law, establish a r... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9335 | Demurrer to Interrogatory – when a witness refuses to answer a question, giving a reason for her refusal, she “demurs to the int... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9310 | General Demurrer – an objection pointing out a substantive defect in an opponent’s pleading (i.e. “lack of subject-matter jurisd... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9312 | Speaking Demurrer – cannot be sustained because it introduces new facts not contained in the complaint |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9314 | Special Demurrer – states grounds for an objection and specifically identifies the nature of the defect (i.e. the pleading is de... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9138 | Joinder – uniting, into a single complaint, two or more elements of a lawsuit (i.e. joinder of claims; joinder of parties; joind... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9154 | Joinder in Demurrer – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9148 | Joinder of Issue – a party’s written acceptance or adoption of an opponent’s issue, argument, or formerly disputed point as the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9136 | Replication – a plaintiff’s or complainant’s reply to a defendant’s answer or plea |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9085 | Complaint for Modification – a post-final-decree motion asking the court to change one of its earlier orders |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9157 | Issue – a material point or question arising out of the pleadings in a case, which is disputed by the parties and which they wis... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9206 | Issue of Law – a point on which the evidence is undisputed, however the parties disagree on the the law’s interpretation of the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4014 | Motions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12249 | Legal Terms generally pertaining to Motions: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12307 | Affidavit – a voluntary declaration of facts, presenting a great deal of evidence, written down and sworn to by a declarant, usu... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12203 | Discovery – in advance of trial, request documents and facts that are within the knowledge or possession of the other side |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12235 | Brady Material – information or evidence that is favorable to a criminal defendant’s case and that the prosecution has a duty to... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12234 | Jencks Act – defendant has the right to examine government papers to be better able to cross-examine or impeach government witne... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12216 | Jurisdictional Discovery – discovery that is limited to finding facts relevant to whether the court has jurisdiction, sometimes ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12218 | Merits Discovery – discovery to uncover facts that support the claim or defense, or that might lead to other facts that will sup... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12222 | Reciprocal Discovery – the corresponding rights and duties of both sides of litigation to engage in discovery |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12272 | Motion Day – a day regularly scheduled by courts or commissions to hear all motions, such as every Tuesday or the third Monday o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12267 | Movant – a party who makes a motion |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12263 | Move – to make a motion to the court for a ruling, order, or some other judicial action |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10513 | Notice of Motion – written certification that a party to a lawsuit has filed a motion or that a motion will be heard or consider... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13758 | Own Motion – a disposition made by a court or other tribunal during the course of a proceeding, without a party having requested... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6187 | Various Types of Motions, Generally: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6189 | Contradictory Motion – a motion likely to be contested or that the non-moving side should have an opportunity to contest |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6191 | Cross-motion – a competing request for relief or orders similar, but contradictory to that requested by another party |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6201 | Dilatory Motion – a meritless motion made solely to delay the proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6204 | Enumerated Motion – directly related to the proceeding or the merits of the case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12376 | Ex Parte Motion – a motion made to the court without notice to the adverse party, that a court considers and rules on without he... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6389 | Pretrial Motions – reschedule an appearance, request multiple forms of relief, compel discovery, suppress inadmissible evidence,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6171 | Calendar Motions – to Reschedule Court Appearances: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6176 | Motion to Advance – request an earlier hearing date |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6173 | Motion to Continue – request a new trial date for a criminal case due to a logical reason (i.e. conflicted schedule, finding of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6180 | Motion to Reset Hearing – reschedule the hearing date |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6632 | Pretrial Motions Pertaining to Transferring Venue to different court: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6615 | Motion to Transfer Venue – transfer the case to another district or county, usually due to improper jurisdiction or local prejud... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6595 | Motion to Remand – in a case that has been removed from state court to federal court, a party’s request that the federal court r... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6526 | Pretrial Motions Pertaining to Discovery: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6471 | (Pretrial) Motion to Compel Discovery – force the opponent to procure all evidence they plan to present during the proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6568 | Motion for Protective Order – request the court protect you from a potentially abusive action by the other party, often pertaini... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6528 | Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Prosecute – dismiss case if prosecution cannot proceed, as when a critical witness or crucial e... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6608 | Motion to Suppress – prohibit the introduction of illegally obtained evidence at a criminal trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6538 | Omnibus Motion – in Criminal cases, as a form of relief, a defense pretrial motion to suppress inadmissible evidence from being ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6361 | Motion in Limine – pretrial request that certain inadmissible evidence not be referred to or offered at trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6547 | Omnibus Motion – to request multiple forms of relief |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6602 | Motion to Sever – a party’s or defendant’s reasonable request to have all or some claims or defenses tried separately from those... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12323 | Byrd Affidavit – in criminal cases, a defendant’s affidavit in support of a motion to sever on the grounds that a codefendant wi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6372 | Midtrial Motions – made during the proceedings, before the final judgment: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6641 | Midtrial Motions to Demand Opponent Amend a Vague or Incorrect Pleadings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6605 | Motion to Strike – to delete insufficient defenses or immaterial, redundant, impertinent, or scandalous statements from an oppon... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6306 | Motion for More Definite Statement – to request that the court require an opponent to amend a vague or ambiguous pleading to whi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6220 | Motions to Compel Immediate Judgment (depending on various factors & Rule of Law): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6210 | Dispositive Motion – to decide a claim or case in favor of the movant without further proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6206 | Ex Parte Motion – made to the court without notice to the adverse party, which the court then considers & rules on without heari... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6262 | Motion for Directed Verdict – request the court to rule in a party’s favor before the case is submitted to the jury, or after a ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6270 | Motion for Judgment of Acquittal – upon criminal defendant’s request, at the close of the government’s presentment of evidence, ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6274 | Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings – to request the court rule in your favor based on the pleadings on file, without accepting... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6349 | Motion for Summary Judgment – request that the court enter judgment without a trial because the evidence is legally insufficient... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6214 | Motion of Course – request that the court may grant as a matter of routine, without investigating or inquiring further |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6245 | Speaking Motion – to address matters not raised in the pleadings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6250 | Special Motion – to seek the court’s discretion rather than ruling as a matter of course |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6444 | Interlocutory Application – to seek equitable or legal relief before a final decision |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6623 | Motion to Withdraw – defendant’s request for a court’s permission to change the defendant’s plea or strike an admission |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6255 | Posttrial Motions – made after a final judgment is entered (i.e. challenge or alter a ruling, amend paperwork, etc.): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6287 | Motions to Request a Re-Trial, Rehearing, or Appeal: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6286 | Application for Leave to Appeal – ask an appellate court to hear an appeal when the party has no appeal by right or when the par... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6283 | Motion for Leave to Appeal – request an appellate court review a relevant interlocutory order that was found to be irrelevant & ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6311 | Motion for New Trial – request a court to vacate its final judgment & order a new trial due to insufficient evidence, newly disc... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6324 | Motion for Rehearing – request another hearing of a case, motion, or appeal usually to consider an alleged error or omission in ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6346 | Motion for Repleader – an unsuccessful party’s posttrial motion asking that the pleadings begin anew because the opponent joined... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6396 | Posttrial Motions to Contest, Alter, or Attain Relief from the Judgment: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6342 | Motion for Relief from the Judgment (a) – to necessarily relieve a party from a judgment due to reasonable cause |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6357 | Motion in Arrest of Judgment – a defendant’s postjudgment motion in a criminal case claiming that a substantial error appearing ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6364 | Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment – within 10 days after a judgment, request the court change its judgment due to obvious er... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6484 | (Posttrial) Motion to Compel Discovery – after judgment, force the opponent to procure essential evidence, usually to determine ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6195 | coram nobis Motion – Exonerate a Person who was Unlawfully Convicted |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6260 | Show-Cause Motion – to compel a litigant to appear in court & explain why they have failed to comply with a legal requirement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6218 | Posttrial Motions pertaining to Marriage & Child Custody: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6226 | Motion for Reduction – a posttrial motion to lessen the amount of child support payments |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6228 | Motion to Modify – a post-final-decree motion requesting the court to change its previous child support, visitation, or similar ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6336 | Posttrial Motions to Request a Court Amend its Paperwork to Accurately Reflect the Court’s Determination: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6334 | Motion for Relief from the Judgment (b) – to correct a clerical mistake in the judgment which incorrectly reflects the courts in... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6237 | Motion for Resettlement – request to clarify or correct the form of an order or judgment that does not correctly state the court... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6492 | Versatile Motions – circumstantially applicable pretrial, midtrial, & posttrial: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12247 | Brady Motion – a criminal defendant’s request that a court order the prosecution to turn over evidence favorable to the defendan... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6503 | Motion to Dismiss – due to settlement, voluntary withdrawal, or one of several procedural defects |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6582 | Motion to Quash – request the court nullify process or an act instituted by the other party or previous court decision (i.e. nul... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6244 | Omnibus Motion – to request multiple forms of relief depending upon the circumstances |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6556 | Motion to Divide the Question – to break a long or complex motion, usually one covering more than one subject, into shorter moti... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6619 | Motion to Withdraw – attorney’s request for a court’s permission to cease representing a client |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6561 | Motions pertaining exclusively to Bankruptcy, Patents, & Trademarks: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6488 | Motion to Correct Inventorship – add one or more unnamed co-inventors to a patent application |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6551 | Motion to Dissolve Interference – request by the senior party to dismiss challenges to its priority as the first inventor |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6559 | Motion to Lift the Stay – request to bankruptcy court to alter the automatic bankruptcy stay to allow the movant to act against ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6321 | Motion for Protective Order – request the court protect you from a potentially abusive action by the other party, usually relati... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8159 | Objections |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8186 | Continuing Objection – a single objection to all the questions in a given line of questioning |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8190 | Frivolous Objection – a petty, often baseless, objection |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8192 | General Objection – an objection made without specifying any grounds in support of the objection |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8194 | Speaking Objection – an (often prohibited) objection that contains more information (often in the form of argument) than needed ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8197 | Specific Objection – accompanied by a statement of one or more grounds in support of the objection |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8200 | Standing Objection – made to an opposing lawyer’s entire line of questioning instead of repeating question-by-question objection... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8202 | Vexatious Objection – made to delay, annoy, or otherwise impede a proceeding solely for tactical reasons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13491 | Civil Proceedings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13603 | 1. Process – the Plaintiff files a Complaint and Summons: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13656 | Burden of Pleading – a party’s duty to plead a matter in order for that matter to be heard in a lawsuit |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10473 | Statute of Jeofails – a law permitting a litigant to correct or amend an error in a pleading without risking dismissal of the cl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9757 | Civil Complaint Form Self-Help Walkthrough |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7236 | Injunctive Relief – various types of non-monetary “equitable remedies” that may be awarded by a court: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9478 | Choose which Civil Complaint Form Matches Your Case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4238 | in forma pauperis – impoverished persons may request a court fee waiver |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14317 | 2. Case Preparation – discovery of evidence; witness depositions and pretrial motions: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12210 | Initial Disclosure – the requirement that parties make available to each other, without first receiving a discovery request, con... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14348 | pretrial discovery (civil) – conducted before trial to reveal facts, develop evidence and prevent parties from surprising each o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14320 | 3. Settling Difference – parties urged to reach settlement to avoid the need for trial: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14321 | 4. Trial Process – evidence is presented, and witnesses testify: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14326 | 5. Closing – final findings of law and fact are concluded; judgment: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13554 | Jury Trials (civil): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13408 | Pleas (Civil Law): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13493 | Criminal Proceedings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13643 | 1. The Arrest, Search and Seizure, and Booking: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14523 | i. The Arrest – lawful or unlawful? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14029 | Types of Unlawful Arrests: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14540 | arbitrary arrest – an arrest of a person without probable cause to believe the person permitted a crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14049 | Dragnet Arrest – a sweeping arrest of people suspected of possible involvement in criminal activity or a civil disturbance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14532 | false imprisonment – restraint of a person in a bounded area without either legal authority, justification, or consent |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14549 | false arrest – unlawful restraint of the physical liberty of another under an asserted legal authority to enforce the processes... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14677 | 10 U.S.C. (UCMJ) § 897. Art. 97. Unlawful detention |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14680 | 25 U.S.C. § 11.404 – False imprisonment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7637 | malicious arrest – causing an arrest by maliciously bringing a suit upon false charges, or maliciously making a false affidavit,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13120 | Supreme Court Rulings re: Unlawful Arrests/False Imprisonment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14028 | Various Forms of Lawful Arrests: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14074 | Warranted Arrest – an arrest made under authority of a warrant |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14066 | Arrest Warrant – issued by a disinterested magistrate shown probable cause; directs a law-enforcement officer to arrest and take... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14235 | Return of Warrant – a return of an arrest warrant, by the officer to whom it was given, showing substantially that the officer o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14555 | material-witness arrest – arrest and detention of a witness to a crime for the purpose of inducing the witness to provide mater... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14052 | Warrentless Arrest – a legal arrest, without a warrant, carried out by a peace officer or private citizen, when there’s absolute... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14562 | civil arrest – arrest and detention of a civil-suit defendant until bail is posted or a judgment is paid; prohibited in most sta... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14568 | parol arrest – ordered by a judge or magistrate from the bench, without written complaint, and executed immediately; often used ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14219 | rearrest – a warrantless arrest due to escape from custody, violation of parole or probation, or failure to appear in court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14227 | turnover arrest – made by a security guard who holds the suspect, usually a shoplifter, until the police arrive and then turns t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14056 | Citizen’s Arrest – on grounds that (1) a public offense was committed in their presence, or (2) they have reasonable cause to be... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14059 | Probable Cause for Arrest – lawful or unlawful? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14065 | ii. Search and Seizure – reasonable or unreasonable? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14576 | search – upon probable cause, examination of a person’s body, property, or other area the person considers private, by a law enf... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14100 | Search Warrant, various types of: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14201 | no-knock search warrant – a type of search warrant that authorizes exception to the knock-and-announce rule because a prior anno... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14098 | Various Types of Lawful Warrantless Searches: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14580 | consent search – conducted after a person with the authority to do so voluntarily waives Fourth Amendment rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14585 | seizure – the actual or constructive taking possession of a person or property by color of legal right or process |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14191 | Seizure Warrant – allows law-enforcement to seize particular property, usually believed to be the fruit of a crime or an instrum... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14213 | search-warrant affidavit – sets forth facts and circumstances supporting the existence of probable cause, requesting the judge t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14064 | Stop-and-Frisk – brief detention, questioning, and “pat down” for a concealed weapon, with reasonable suspicion suspect committe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14545 | iii. Booking – standard procedure: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14203 | knock-and-announce rule – officers must knock and announce their identity, authority, and purpose before entering a residence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14145 | The Fourth Amendment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5647 | 4th Amendment – Supreme Court Rulings re: “Unreasonable Search and Seizure” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16920 | curtilage – the land or yard adjoining a house, usually within an enclosure; it is protected by the 4th Amendment’s guarantee ag... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16923 | messuage – a dwelling house together with the curtilage, including any outbuildings; all protected by the 4th Amendment’s guaran... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13645 | Interrogation – formal, systematic, intensive questioning by police, usually of suspects who have been arrested |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14516 | Miranda rule – a criminal suspect in police custody must be informed of certain constitutional rights before being interrogated |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13780 | 2. Possible release on Bail, on promise to make next appearance: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13812 | Recognizance – a person’s bond or obligation to the court to appear in court to enter a plea or stand trial in a criminal case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13907 | Forfeiture of Bail – the consequence of a breach of the condition of a bail bond |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13525 | 3. Arraignment – defendant hears the charges and enters a plea: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13434 | Plea Colloquy – an open-court dialogue, usually just before the defendant enters a plea, where the judge ensures the defendant u... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13143 | Pleas (Criminal): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13405 | Guilty Plea – the defendant’s formal admission in court of having committed the charged offense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13404 | Alford Plea – a guilty plea, entered as part of a plea bargain, while not admitting guilt |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13416 | Blind Plea – a guilty plea made without the promise of a concession from the judge or prosecutor |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13439 | Plea Affidavit – a sworn, notarized, written guilty plea to a misdemeanor, traffic violation, or other lesser offense, usually s... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13830 | No Contest (“nolo contendere”) – a plea by which the defendant does not contest or admit guilt |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13455 | Not Guilty Plea – denial of having committed the charged offense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13458 | Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity – based on the insanity defense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13468 | Insanity – a mental disorder severe enough to prevent a person from having legal capacity, excusing them from criminal or civil ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13506 | Appreciation Test – requires clear, convincing evidence that at the time of the crime, the defendant suffered from a severe ment... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14511 | Currens test – requires no more than the jury must be satisfied that as a result of mental disease or defect, the accused lacked... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13504 | Durham Test – holds that a defendant is not criminally responsible for an act that was the product of mental disease or defect |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13502 | Irresistible-Impulse Test – holds that a person is not criminally responsible for an act if mental disease prevented them from c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13472 | McNaghten Test – the “right and wrong test” to determine a person’s sanity |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13501 | Substantial-Capacity Test – the Model Penal Code’s test for the insanity defense; determines if the person lacks substantial cap... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13414 | Plea Bargain – a negotiated agreement between a prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant pleads guilty or no contest to on... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13422 | Standing Mute – to remain silent when required to enter a plea; the equivalent of a “not guilty” plea |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13682 | 4. Preliminary Hearing or Grand Jury Proceedings: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10661 | Fact-Finder – one or more persons who hear testimony and review evidence to rule on a factual issue; the judge (in a bench trial... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13587 | Preliminary Hearing – any number of “Probable Cause Hearings” to determine if there’s sufficient evidence to hold trial, or if a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13583 | Independent-Source Hearing – a hearing to determine whether evidence was obtained illegally, and if so, whether the evidence is ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12978 | Information – a complaint or affidavit, made by a prosecutor, alleging probable cause to suspect a crime, in order to bind a def... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13591 | Mapp Hearing – held to determine if evidence was obtained via an illegal search and seizure, and should therefore be suppressed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13699 | Probable Cause – a reasonable amount of suspicions, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong to justify a prudent and caut... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14364 | Types of Hearings pertaining Solely to Criminal Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12211 | pretrial discovery (criminal) – conducted before trial to reveal facts, develop evidence and prevent parties from surprising eac... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12232 | Jencks Material – a prosecution witness’s written or recorded pretrial statement that a criminal defendant, upon filing a motion... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12233 | Jencks Rule – defendant has the right to examine government papers to be better able to cross-examine or impeach government witn... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12223 | Reverse Jencks Material – a defense witness’s written or recorded pretrial statement that a prosecutor is entitled to have, via ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14239 | exclusionary rules – rules that exclude or suppress evidence obtained via unreasonable search and seizure: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13697 | Fruit-of-the-Poisonous-Tree Doctrine – evidence derived from an illegal search, arrest, or interrogation is inadmissible becaus... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14251 | attenuation doctrine – evidence obtained by illegal means may be admissible if the connection between the evidence an the illega... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14257 | independent-source rule – an exception to the fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine whereby evidence obtained by illegal means is... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14254 | good-faith exception – an exception to the exclusionary rule whereby evidence obtained under a warrant later found to be invalid... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13676 | inevitable-discovery rule – evidence obtained indirectly from an illegal search is admissible, and the illegality is harmless, i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14374 | primary-evidence rule – when evidence sought in an illegal search is seized during that search, the inevitable-discovery doctrin... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10005 | Grand Jury – usually 16 to 23 people who sit one month to a year in ex parte proceedings, to decide whether to issue an indictme... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13718 | Bill of Indictment – an instrument containing a criminal charge, presented to a grand jury by a prosecutor, used by the jury to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9352 | Indictment – a formal written accusation of a felony, made by a grand jury and presented to a court for prosecution against the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13721 | True Bill – an indorsement that a grand jury enters onto a bill of indictment when it indicts a criminal defendant; by writing “... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13724 | No Bill – an indorsement by a grand jury on a bill of indictment, indicating “not found” or “not a true bill”; the party is the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13738 | Presentment – a written accusation returned by a grand jury on its own motion, without a prosecutor’s previous indictment reques... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14389 | 5. Pretrial Motions (criminal): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13727 | 6. Trial – the prosecution bears the burden of proof as both sides are heard, witnesses are cross-examined; defendant found guil... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10347 | Closing Argument – a final request to the fact-finder to consider the evidence and to apply the law in one’s favor; afterward (i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13795 | Guilt Phase – in a criminal trial, where the fact-finder determines if the defendant committed a crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10122 | Trial by Jury (criminal): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10119 | Amendment VI – guarantees speedy, public (criminal) trial with an impartial local jury, to be informed about the accusation and ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10116 | Bench Trial – a trial before a judge; a “nonjury” or “juryless” trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10345 | Opening Statement – each attorney previews of the case, the evidence to be presented, and the issue(s) at hand |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13436 | Allocution – a trial judge’s formal address to a convicted defendant, to ask if they wish to make a statement or present informa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13798 | Penalty Phase – in a criminal trial, where the fact-finder determines the punishment for a defendant who has been found guilty |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13834 | 7. Sentencing: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13839 | Victim-Impact Statement – a statement read into the record during sentencing to inform the judge or jury of the financial, physi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13833 | Victim Allocution – a crime victim’s address to the court before sentencing, usually urging a harsher punishment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14166 | 8. The Appeal: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7427 | PROPERTY |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16326 | Types of Property: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11787 | personal property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8912 | Movable Property – tangible or intangible property that is not land or buildings: can be moved or displaced |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8161 | Chattel – visible, tangible, movable personal property: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11830 | Chattel Mortgage – an instrument which conveys a mortgage on personal property on installment, whereby the seller transfers titl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11817 | Chattel Paper – a writing that shows both a monetary obligation and a security interest in or a lease of specific goods |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11820 | Electronic Chattel Paper – chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information stored in an electronic medi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11819 | Tangible Chattel Paper – chattel paper evidenced by a record or records consisting of information inscribed on a tangible medium |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8174 | Chattel Vegetable – a movable article of a vegetable origin, such as timber, undergrowth, corn, or fruit |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8176 | Local Chattel – personal property that is affixed to land |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8163 | Personal Chattel – a tangible good or an intangible right (such as a patent) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8169 | Real Chattel – an interest in real property that is less than a freehold or fee, such as an estate for years in land (i.e. a lea... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8181 | Unique Chattel – a chattel that is absolutely irreplaceable because it is one of a kind |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11800 | Intangible Movable – a physical thing that can be moved but that cannot be touched in the usual sense, such as a legal right, li... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7436 | real property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11803 | Immovable Property – land, and objects so firmly attached that they are regarded as part of the land |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16698 | common property – real property held by two or more persons with no right of survivorship |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7724 | Intellectual Property – intangible rights protecting commercially valuable products of the human intellect: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7727 | Hard Intellectual Property – excludes others from using the invention without the holder’s consent even if others find the innov... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11777 | Patent – the governmental grant of a right, privilege, or authority to exclude others from making, using, marketing, selling, of... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8752 | Practice – (patents) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9696 | Office Action – pertains to patents and trademarks |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7762 | Trademark – word, phrase, logo, or other sensory symbol that serves as a signature for the manufacturer or seller to distinguish... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7728 | Soft Intellectual Property – does not preclude independent creation by third parties: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7813 | Copyright – a property right in an original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, giving the holder the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8049 | Copyright Laws – Past and Present: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8045 | copyrightability test – a common judicial test for determining whether a contributor to a joint work is an author for legal purp... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8051 | Types of Copyrights: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8029 | ad interim copyright – a limited five-year US. copyright granted to the author of a foreign edition of an English language book ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8038 | common-law copyright – a property right that arose when the work was created, rather than when it was published |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8042 | future copyright – A copyright that will come into existence upon the occurrence of a particular event |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16667 | Conditions of Property: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16670 | abandoned property – wherein all right, title, claim, and possession is voluntarily surrendered, relinquished, or disclaimed by ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16739 | found property – appears to be lost or abandoned, and is recovered by another person |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16682 | absolute property – wherein the owner has full and complete title and control over |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16686 | adventitious property – property coming to one from a stranger or anyone other than the paterfamilias |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16688 | ancestral property (estate) – acquired by descent, especially when the owner’s family has held the property for several generati... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16692 | appointive property – property interest that is subject to a power of appointment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16719 | complete property – the entirety of the rights, privileges, powers, and immunities that it is legally possible for a person to h... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16721 | corporeal property – can be perceived, having physical, tangible substance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16727 | distressed property – must be sold because of mortgage foreclosure or it is part of an insolvent estate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16734 | divisible property – an asset a court is statutorily permitted to divide between divorcing spouses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16743 | incorporeal property – a property interest in a legal right, having no physical (tangible) existence, but recognized at law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16750 | intangible property – an incorporeal right unrelated to a physical thing, but which evidences something of value |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16752 | lost property – personal property involuntarily parted with through accident, negligence, neglect, carelessness, or inadvertenc... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16755 | mislaid property – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8338 | ownership – the “bundle of rights” to possess, use, manage, enjoy, &/or convey property, by the person who has both title and do... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8589 | title |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16262 | Essential Elements of Title: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16267 | custody – control or care, and obligation of safeguard, of a thing or person for inspection, preservation, or security; not poss... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16227 | good (clear, marketable) title – legal and equitable title free from litigation, palpable defects, and grave doubts, not depende... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16247 | legal title – evidences apparent ownership but not necessarily full and complete title or a beneficial interest; must be marketa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16245 | equitable title – indicates a beneficial interest in property, recognized as ownership in equity, but not legal title, that give... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16367 | bad (defective, unmarketable) title – a reasonable buyer would refuse to accept it because of a conflicting claim, possible conf... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16602 | dormant title – an unclaimed title in real estate; a title to real estate held in abeyance, unasserted |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16621 | abeyance – a lapse in succession during which no person is vested with title, although the law considers it as always potentiall... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16605 | doubtful title – open to reasonable doubt regarding any question of law or fact; would probably cause a purchaser to be involved... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16625 | Transfer or Acquisition of Title: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16629 | derivative title – title that results when an already existing right is transferred to a new owner; a transferee acquires only ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16627 | escheat – the right of the state to take title to property after the death of a person who has not disposed of the property by w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16590 | after-acquired title – the ownership interest in land which a person acquires after purporting to sell the property to the buyer |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16699 | title – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16706 | chain of title – the ownership history of a piece of land, from its first owner to the present one |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16701 | cloud on title – a defect or potential defect in the owners’ title to a piece of land arising from some claim or encumbrance (i.... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16279 | Types of Ownership: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16956 | record owner – the owner of real estate or other property (e.g. stocks, bonds) at the time of question according to public or co... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8395 | Unqualified (Absolute) Ownership and related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8372 | corporeal ownership – actual and complete ownership of land or chattels with the right to use and control |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8398 | nested ownership – wherein the title is perfect; absolute ownership |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8387 | perfect ownership – the complete bundle of rights to use, enjoy, and dispose of property without limitation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8374 | cross-ownership – ownership by a single person or entity of two or more related businesses such that the owner can control compe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8424 | qualified ownership (interest) – shared, restricted to a particular use, or limited in the extent of its enjoyment; less than ab... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8376 | imperfect ownership – ownership party subject to a usufruct interest held by another |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8605 | usufruct -the right to the use, enjoyment, profits, and avails of property belonging to another |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8381 | joint ownership – undivided ownership shared by two or more persons wherein an owner’s interest, at death, passes to the survivi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8384 | Ownership in Common – shared by two or more persons whose interests are divisible, and, at death, pass to the dead owner’s heirs... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8389 | Public Ownership – government owns at least 51% or controlling share of the company |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8566 | Shareholders (Stockholders) – owns a proportional part (share) of a corporation’s capital, granting the right to participate in ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8570 | Types of Shares – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8536 | Types of Shared Ownership Without Controlling Interest: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8378 | Incorporeal Ownership – ownership interest in land or chattels without the right to use or control, as with mineral rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8579 | Stakeholder – someone who has an interest or concern in a business or enterprise, though not necessarily as an owner, and whose ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8420 | Forms of Ownership (Interest) pertaining to Trusts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8343 | Beneficial Ownership – a beneficiary’s interest in trust property &/or a corporate shareholder’s power to buy or sell the shares |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8393 | Trust Ownership – a trustee’s interest in trust property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8410 | Ownership regarding Oil & Gas: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8409 | Nonownership Theory – used in a minority of jurisdictions, holds that the owner of a severed mineral interest does not have a pr... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8407 | Ownership-in-Place Theory – used in a majority of jurisdictions: holds that the owner has the right to present possession of the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8533 | Ownership – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8346 | Bonitary Ownership – a type of equitable ownership recognized by the praetor when the property was conveyed by an informal trans... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8367 | Contingent Ownership – wherein title is imperfect but is capable of becoming perfect on the fulfillment of some condition |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16638 | control – power or authority to manage, direct, or oversee, or physical retention of possession of an item or its maintenance in... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16648 | domain – an estate in land by one who has paramount title and unqualified ownership , or the land itself rather than the ownersh... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16658 | public domain – government-owned land, or a composition, devise, or process so well known and in such common use, or explicitly ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2844 | eminent domain – the power of a government to authorize the taking of private property for a public use or public purpose withou... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16635 | dominion – ownership and control, or control and possession |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8418 | Owner’s Policy – a title-insurance policy covering the owner’s title as well as the mortgagee’s interest (real estate) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8655 | Vest – to confer ownership to or give fixed right of present or future enjoyment (of property) to a person |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8426 | interest – all or part of a legal or equitable claim to or right in property; a share, claim, or title |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8613 | estate – the amount, degree, nature, and quality of a person’s interest in property, usually “real estate interest which may bec... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16393 | estate in land – the degree, quantity, nature, or extent of interest which a person has in real property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8616 | absolute estate – a full, complete estate in real property wherein the owner has complete, unqualified and unconditional possess... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8652 | contingent estate – an estate in land that vests (transfers in ownership) only if a specified event does or does not happen |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16480 | estate on condition – an (contingent) estate in land that vests, is modified, or is defeated upon the occurrence or non-occurren... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16469 | estate on condition expressed – a contingent estate in which the condition upon which the estate will fail is stated explicitly ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16486 | estate on condition implied – a contingent estate having some condition that is so inseparable from the estate’s essence that it... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8620 | freehold estate (interest) – an estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail, or for term of life; any real property interest tha... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8552 | Charter Land – “freehold land” held under royal charter or deed (generally for churches and leaders) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8634 | determinable estate – an estate that is defeasible (capable of being cancelled) by operation of a special limitation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8460 | fee (simple absolute) – the broadest real property interest (estate in land) allowed by law; exclusive, hereditable ownership |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8466 | Arriere Fee – a fee dependent on a superior one; a subfief |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8618 | base fee (estate, tenancy) – a hereditable estate in land that may last forever, but with a qualification (limitation) annexed t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8510 | Fee Simple Conditional – an estate conveyed to a man conditionally upon his having an heir |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8511 | Fee Simple Subject to a Condition Subsequent – an estate subject to the grantor’s power to end the estate if some specified even... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16523 | fee tail – a legal or equitable estate in lands that is heritable only by specified descendants of the original grantee, endurin... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8481 | fee expectant – a fee tail created when land is given to a man and wife and the heirs of their bodies |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16534 | Historical Types of Fee Simple Estates: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8485 | great fee – historically, in feudal law, a fee received directly from the Crown |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8487 | knight’s fee – historically, the amount of land that gave rise to the obligation of knight service |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8491 | lay fee – a fee interest in land held by ordinary feudal tenure, generally for use in agricultural labor, and not for religious ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8496 | plowman’s fee – a species of tenure for peasants or small farmers by which the land descended in equal shares to all the tenant’... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8498 | Quasi-Fee – an estate in fee acquired wrongfully |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8500 | Types of Qualified Fee: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8504 | Fee Simple Defeasible – an estate that ends because there are no more heirs of the person to whom it is granted or because a spe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8502 | Fee Simple Determinable – an estate that will automatically end and revert to the grantor if some specified event occurs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8626 | Flying Freehold – the part of a freehold property that encroaches on another owner’s property, not on the ground but above it, a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16407 | life estate (tenancy) – held only for the duration of a specified person’s life, usually the possessor’s |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16451 | estate by the curtesy – an freehold estate owned by a wife, to which the husband is entitled upon her death, as a life estate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8628 | Movable Freehold – real property capable of being increased or diminished by natural causes, such as the land a seashore owner a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8631 | Perpetual Freehold – an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee’s heirs for life |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16509 | nonfreehold estate – any estate in real property without seisin; any estate except a fee simple, fee tail, or life estate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16410 | estates less than freehold – an estate for years, estate at will, or estate at sufferance: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16728 | insolvent estate – the estate of a decedent which is to be administered according to a special statutory method because its asse... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8662 | derivative estate – a particular interest that has been carved out of another, larger estate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16503 | Estate – legal or equitable? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8664 | equitable estate – an estate or interest in property recognized only in equity, especially a trust |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8666 | equitable life estate – an equitable estate (interest) in real or personal property that lasts for the life of the holder of the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16497 | legal estate – an interest (estate in property) recognized by and enforced in law rather than in equity |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16513 | estate by purchase – an estate acquired by any method except descent |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16569 | Number of Persons Holding an Estate, and the Manner in Which its Held: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16571 | estate in severalty – held by a tenant separately, without any other person being joined or connected in interest |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8640 | concurrent estate – ownership or possession of property by two or more persons at the same time |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16561 | Types of Estates Held as a Security, as Collateral, or to Satisfy a Debt: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16454 | estate by elegit – held by a judgment creditor, entitling the creditor to the rents and profits from land owned by the debtor un... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16515 | estate by statute staple – an estate held under a bond as security for a commercial debt, giving the lender a possessory right i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16551 | estate in gage – an estate that has been pledged as security for a debt |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12182 | Types of Interest: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8437 | beneficial interest – a right or expectancy of value, worth, or use in property one does not own.(i.e a trust or estate) as oppo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8440 | Carried Interest – the share of any profits produced by a partnership’s investment, paid to the general partner as compensation ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8443 | Contingent Interest – an interest that the holder may enjoy only upon the occurrence of a condition precedent |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8447 | Defeasible Interest – an interest that the holder may enjoy until the occurrence of a condition |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8450 | Direct Interest – a certain, absolute interest |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12079 | encumbrance – any property right (claim or liability) that is not ownership interest (e.g.. lien, mortgage, easement), attached ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8452 | Entailed Interest – an interest that devolves through lineal descendants only as a result of a fee tail |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8457 | Equitable Interest – held by virtue of an equitable title or claimed on equitable grounds, such as the interest held by a trust ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11990 | Security Interest – an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation, or with ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8435 | Types of Controlling Interest: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8432 | Absolute Interest – not subject to any condition |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8445 | Controlling Interest – sufficient ownership of stock in a company to control policy and management; especially, a greater-than-5... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8454 | Entire Interest – a whole interest or right, without diminution |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8471 | Types of Heritable Interest in Land: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8653 | Tenancy |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12161 | Various Forms of Tenancy: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12157 | Cotenancy – a tenancy with two or more cotenants who both have the right of undivided possession of the property as a whole: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12165 | joint estate (tenancy) – held by two more more persons jointly, with equal rights to share in its enjoyment during their lives, ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16560 | estate in partnership – a joint estate that is vested in the members of a partnership when real estate is purchased with partner... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12176 | tenancy (estate) by the entirety – an (tenancy and) estate in land or in personal property that exists between husband and wife;... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12170 | Tenancy in Common – a tenancy by two or more persons, in equal or unequal undivided shares, each person having an equal right to... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15791 | tenancy (estate) at sufferance – when a person who was in lawful possession of property wrongfully remains as a holdover after t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15797 | periodic tenancy – tenancy where no definite time is agreed upon and the rate is fixed at so much per month (year, etc.) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15793 | tenancy (estate) at will – the tenant holds possession with the landlord’s consent but without fixed terms; may be terminated by... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16422 | tenancy (estate) for a term – an interest (estate) securing a tenancy, arising from an agreement or lease (or other contract) wh... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16427 | tenancy attendant on the inheritance – a tenancy for a term vested in a trustee in trust for the owner of the inheritance, as a ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16432 | tenancy in gross – a tenancy for a term that is unattached or disconnected from the estate or inheritance, such as one that is i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5704 | possession |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15722 | adverse possession – continuous, exclusive, hostile, open, notorious enjoyment of real property with a claim of right when that ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16799 | acquiescence – a tacit (silent, implied) approval or at least an indication of lack of disapproval |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15919 | Adverse Possession – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15856 | adverse claim – in adverse possession, a claim to possession which is hostile to the true owner |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15857 | adverse enjoyment – possession or use of land under a claim of right against the property owner |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15752 | adverse user – using real property in an “open, notorious, hostile manner” under a claim of right, contrary to the interests of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15860 | claim of right (title, ownership) – entry and occupation of land with intent to claim and hold it for one’s own |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16194 | occupying claimant – someone who claims the right under a statute to recover for the cost of improvements done to land that is l... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15830 | Occupying Claimant (Betterment) Acts – statutes which provide a recovery by an occupying claimant, since dispossessed by the tru... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16203 | improvement (betterment) – an addition to property (usually real estate), whether permanent or not, that increases its value and... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16207 | improvement lien – A lien recognized in equity in a proper case for the benefit of one who clims compensation for an improvement... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16105 | presumed grant – a theoretical basis for the acquisition of title or prescriptive right, by adverse use |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15874 | title by prescription (adverse title) – a title acquired by prescription (or adverse possession) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15730 | prescription – the acquisition of title to a thing by open and continuous possession over a statutory period, or the extinction ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16096 | negative (extinctive) prescription – extinction of a title or right by failure to claim or exercise it over a long period |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15737 | period of prescription – the period fixed by local law as sufficient for obtaining or extinguishing a right through lapse of tim... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16099 | positive (acquisitive) prescription – acquisition of title to a thing by open and continuous possession over a statutory period |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15745 | prescriptive – what must or should be done based on ancient custom or long-standing use, having existed so long as to have becom... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15734 | prescriptive right – a right obtained by prescription |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16128 | “Rights” Associated w/ Adverse Possession, Prescriptive Easements: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16130 | right of entry – the right to take or resume possession of real property in a peaceable manner, including entering onto another ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16124 | right of possession – a person’s right to occupy and enjoy property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15884 | Forms of Possession that pertain to Adverse Possession: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15905 | actual possession – in adverse possession cases, actual entry upon the premises, actual occupancy such as to indicate exclusive ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15893 | exclusive possession – possession of land by a claimant for himself, as his own, and not for another |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15877 | hostile possession – open, notorious possession of land under a claim of an exclusive right thereto, including against the recor... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15757 | open and notorious possession – possession of real property that is so conspicuous its considered as sufficient notice to a reas... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15928 | interruption of possession (or prescription) – a break in the continuity of the possession of an adverse claimant in order to re... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16006 | (action for) ejectment – a legal action by which a title holder who has been dispossessed and suffered damages seeks to recover ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15870 | dispossession (disseisin, ouster) – deprivation of, or eviction from, rightful possession of property; the wrongful taking or w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16044 | dispossessor (disseissor) – someone who wrongfully deprives another of the freehold possession of property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15964 | eviction – the act or process of legally dispossessing a person of land or rental property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15992 | actual eviction – physical expulsion (dispossession) of a person from land or rental property, as distinguished from constructiv... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16062 | eviction by paramount title – eviction by judicially establishing title superior to that under which the possessor claims, by ev... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16066 | summary eviction – a prompt, juryless trial (for an eviction) using a simplified legal procedure |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15970 | forcible entry and detainer – (1) entry onto real property peaceably in the possession of another, against his will, without au... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16059 | unlawful detainer – unjustifiable retention of the possession of real property by one whose original entry was lawful |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16070 | adverse possession statutes (by state): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16181 | California Adverse Possession Statutes (CCP §§ 1159 – 1179a) – Summary Proceedings for Obtaining Possession of Real Property in ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16072 | California Adverse Possession Statutes (CCP §§ 315-330) – The Time of Commencing Actions for the Recovery of Real Property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16084 | California Adverse Possession Statutes (CIV §§ 1000-1002, 1006-1009) – Modes in Which Property May Be Acquired (Occupancy) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15726 | constructive adverse possession – a type of adverse possession in which the claim arises from the claimant’s payment of taxes un... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15909 | constructive possession (possession in law) – control or dominion over a property without actual possession or custody of it, or... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15900 | lawful possession – possession based on a good-faith belief in and claim of right |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15740 | natural possession – physical detention or control over a thing, as by occupying a building or cultivating farmland, with or wit... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8660 | occupancy |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16192 | occupying claimant – someone who claims the right under a statute to recover for the cost of improvements done to land that is l... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8153 | Agreement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11903 | Legal Instruments |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8143 | contract – a written agreement between two or more parties creating obligations enforceable &/or recognized at law: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13894 | Forfeiture Clause – a contractual provision stating that, under certain circumstances, one party must forfeit something to the o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8245 | Types of Contracts § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8227 | Absolute Simulated Contract – a simulated contract that the parties intend to be wholly ineffective |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8230 | Accessory Contract – entered into primarily for the purpose of carrying out a principal contract; especially for the purpose of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8232 | Adhesion Contract – a standard-form contract prepared by one party, to be signed by another party in a weaker position, usually ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8239 | Aleatory Contract – where at least one party’s performance depends on some uncertain event that is beyond the control of the par... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8242 | Alternative Contract – the performing party may elect to perform one of two or more specified acts to satisfy the obligation, us... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8249 | Assessment Contract – wherein the payment of a benefit is dependent on the collection of an assessment levied on persons holding... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8247 | Types of Contracts § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8251 | Best Efforts Contract – wherein a party undertakes to use best efforts to fulfill the promises made rather than to achieve a spe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8253 | Bilateral Contract – wherein each party promises a performance, so that each party is an obligor on that party’s own promise |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8255 | Blanket Contract – covers a group of products, goods, or services for a fixed period |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8257 | Bona Fide Contract – wherein equity may intervene to correct inequalities and to adjust matters according to the parties’ intent... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8260 | Build-to-Print Contract – requires the contractor to build a product according to exact technical specifications provided by the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8263 | Certain Contract – performed in a stipulated manner |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10042 | Jury Wheel – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8265 | Types of Contracts § 3: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8267 | Collateral Contract – a side agreement made before or at the same time that relates to a contract that, if unintegrated, can be ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8277 | Commutative Contract – at the time it is formed, the parties’ obligations and advantages are certain and determinate so that non... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8279 | Conditional Contract – enforceable only if another agreement is performed or if another particular prerequisite or condition is ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8281 | Consensual Contract – arising from the mere consensus of the parties, without any formal or symbolic acts performed to fix the o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8288 | Construction Contract – sets forth the specifications for a building project’s construction, usually secured by performance and ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8290 | Consumer Contract – between a merchant seller and an individual who buys or contracts to buy goods to ensure the buyer intends t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8293 | Types of Contracts § 4: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9462 | Bottomry – a contract executed by the master of a vessel, promising repayment of advances made to supply the ship plus interest:... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8295 | Continuing Contract – calls for periodic performances |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8297 | Contract for Sale – for the present transfer of property for a price, or to sell goods at a future time |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8300 | Contract for Services – for a job undertaken by an independent contractor, as opposed to an employee |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8302 | Contract in Restraint of Trade – limits the free exercise of business or trade (esp. stipulating that one who sells a business c... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8304 | Contract of Pledge – wherein a debtor gives a creditor property to hold as security for a debt or the performance of a promise |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8306 | Contract of Record – declared by a court and entered into the court’s record (not a true contract) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5386 | Writ of Justice – command to the sheriff to do justice between the parties when a Contract is breached |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7646 | Rescission of Contract – a remedy to undo an unjust contract or to undo by mutual agreement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12012 | negotiable instrument – formal document signed by the maker or drawer; with a promise or order to pay, on demand or at a certain... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13740 | Drawers, Drawees, and Makers (Negotiable Instruments): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12128 | Drawee – the person upon whom a draft or bill of exchange is drawn; the person to whom the paper is presented for acceptance and... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12127 | Drawer – someone who directs a person or entity, usually a bank, to pay a sum of money stated in a draft or bill of exchange (i.... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12028 | maker – one who obligates himself by entering into a contract, executing (signing) a promissory note, drawing a bill of exchange... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12030 | Accommodation Maker – the drawer of a bill, or the maker of a note as a surety, to which he has put his name for the purpose of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12043 | Prime Maker – The person who is primarily liable on a note or other negotiable instrument |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12032 | Surety – a person who promises to pay the debt or to satisfy the obligation of another person (the principal); as opposed to the... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15414 | Negotiable Instruments – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12020 | negotiable – capable of being transferred by delivery or indorsement when the transferee takes the instrument for value, in good... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12073 | Transfer – negotiation of an instrument according to the forms of law: the four methods of transfer are by indorsement, by deliv... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12080 | Assignment – the transfer of property or right in property, or the instrument of such transfer |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12099 | Assignee – a person to whom a property right is assigned, that is, the one to whom an assignment is made |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12090 | Assignor – a person who transfers property rights or powers to another by assignment, whether he be an original owner or an assi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12095 | The four methods of transfer: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15433 | delivery – the (actual, constructive, or symbolic) voluntary transfer of possession |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12034 | indorsement – the signing of one’s name on the back of a negotiable instrument, to transfer title to the paper to another person... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12113 | Acceptor – a person or entity that accepts a negotiable instrument and trust binds himself to its payment or performance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12112 | indorser – a person who transfers a negotiable instrument by indorsement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12117 | Indorsee – a person to whom a negotiable instrument is transferred by indorsement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15442 | operation of law – the means by which a right or a liability is created for a party through law, not by contract, act, or intent... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12069 | Transferee – a person to whom a transfer is made |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12072 | Transferor – a person who makes a transfer |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12055 | Suretyship – a contractual relation, resulting from a primary, original, absolute, and unconditional engagement, whereby one per... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12151 | principal – the person for whose debt or default a surety is responsible under a contract of suretyship |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15416 | Types of Negotiable Instruments: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12144 | bill of exchange (aka “draft”) – an unconditional written order (often a check) signed by the drawer, directing the drawee or pa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13746 | presentment – the formal production of a negotiable instrument as a demand to “accept” or “pay” to the payor by or on behalf of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15395 | presentment for acceptance – production of a negotiable instrument, to the drawee, acceptor, or maker, for his acceptance and ag... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15396 | presentment for payment – production of a negotiable instrument, by the holder, to the drawee, acceptor, or maker, on or after t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11983 | Security – any interest or instrument relating to finances |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12003 | mortgage – a conveyance of title to property given as security for the payment of a debt or performance of a duty, that will bec... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8591 | Stock – a proportional part of a corporation’s capital represented by the number of equal units (or shares) owned, granting the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8119 | bond – a written promise acknowledging the obligation to pay a debt; either as money or to perform some act if certain circumsta... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11836 | Bonds that ensure obligation to pay money if a certain event takes place: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11865 | Examples of Indemnity and Penal Bonds: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11867 | Appeal Bond – a bond that an appellate court may require from an appellant in a civil case to ensure payment of the costs of app... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11871 | Attachment Bond – a bond a defendant gives to recover attached property; the plaintiff then looks to the bond issuer to satisfy ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11873 | Bid Bond – a type of performance bond filed in public construction projects in order to indemnify the public against the consequ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11899 | Completion Bond – a surety bond guaranteeing payment of the cost of completing a construction contract if the contractor fails t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11901 | Peace Bond – a bond that a court requires as security to be posted by a person who has breached or threatened to commit a breach... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11854 | Fidelity Bond – a bond in the form of an insurance contract which indemnifies an employer or business for loss due to embezzleme... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11856 | Indemnity Bond – a bond to reimburse the holder for any actual or claimed loss caused by the issuer’s or some other person’s con... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11860 | Penal Bond – a bond conditioned upon the performance of duties of office, or other obligations undertaken by the principal oblig... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13817 | Penal Sum – the monetary amount specified as a penalty in a penal bond |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11848 | Surety Bond – a bond that secures the performance of an obligation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11846 | Bail Bond – a bond given to a court by a criminal defendant’s surety to guarantee the defendant will duly appear in court and, i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11839 | Performance Bond – a contractor’s bond which guarantees that the contractor will perform the contract, and usually provides that... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11891 | Fiduciary Bond – a type of performance bond required of a trustee, administrator, executor, guardian. conservator, or other fidu... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11947 | Legal Terms pertaining to Bonds: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11968 | Indemnity – a duty to make good any loss, damage, or liability incurred by another, or the right of an injured party to claim re... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11974 | Indemnify – to compensate or reimburse a person for a past or future loss or damage caused by one’s own or a third party’s act o... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11975 | Indemnitee – someone who receives indemnity from another |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11973 | Indemnitor – a person whom indemnifies another |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11951 | Obligation – a formal, binding agreement (bond) or acknowledgment of a liability to pay a certain amount, or to perform, or forb... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11950 | Obligee – the person to whom the duty of an obligation is owed, to whom a bond is made payable, and who is entitled to enforce a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12089 | creditor – a person or entity with a definite claim against another, to whom a debt is owed by a debtor; an obligee |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11949 | Obligor – a person who has undertaken an obligation; a promisor or debtor |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12037 | Joint Obligor – a person liable with one or more others on a negotiable instrument or a contract; a person liable on a joint obl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12039 | Principal Obligor – someone who is under a duty of indemnity |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11941 | Bottomry Bond – a contract for the loan of money on a ship, usually at extraordinary interest, for maritime risks encountered du... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11793 | Investment Bonds – bonds that represent debt and pay interest: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11881 | Debenture – a voucher for an indebtedness, issued by a corporation, and though unsecured, it is secured only by the debtor’s ear... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11795 | Investment bonds issued by corporations: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11907 | Convertible Bond – a bond or debenture issued with the privilege of converting them into other securities, usually the common st... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11912 | Coupon Bond – a bond in which the interest, which is payable separately from the principal, is represented by detachable coupons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11929 | Government Bonds – various types of investment bonds issued by governments: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11927 | Municipal Bond – a tax-exempt, negotiable bond which serves as an evidence of indebtedness issued as one of a series of instrume... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11914 | Guaranteed Bond – a bond issued by a corporation and guaranteed by a third party (sometimes by a parent corporation) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11925 | Junk Bond – a bond that pays interest at a high rate because of significant risks — often issued to raise money quickly in order... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11918 | Registered Bond – a bond or security which specifies a person entitled to the security or to the rights it evidences and the tra... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11921 | Serial Bonds – bonds of a corporation or a municipality issued at the same time but redeemable at different specified dates |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11923 | Term Bond – bonds issued at one time, all of which fall due at one time |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8155 | lien – a legal right or proprietary interest a creditor retains in property until the debt &/or duty that it secures is satisfie... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11099 | Types of Liens utilized by Professionals § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11102 | Accountant’s Lien – the right of an accountant to retain a client’s papers until the accountant’s fees have been paid |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11109 | Agister’s Lien – a lien upon an animal provided by contract or statute for the benefit of a person who has fed or cared for the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11107 | Agricultural Lien – a statutory lien that protects a seller of farming equipment by giving the seller a lien on crops grown with... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11105 | Architect’s Lien – a statutory lien on real property in favor of an architect who has drawn the plans for and supervised the con... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11112 | Attorney’s Lien – the right of an attorney to hold or retain a client’s money or property or to encumber money payable to the cl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11114 | Charging Lien – an attorney’s lien to secure their fee, on a specified property in the debtor’s possession, acquired from from t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11116 | Retaining Lien – an attorney’s to retain possession of a client’s papers, books, documents, securities, moneys, and property as ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11120 | Auctioneer’s Lien – the right of an auctioneer to retain property, goods, and documents held on the seller’s behalf until the wi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11124 | Types of Liens utilized by Professionals § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11118 | Banker’s Lien – the right of a bank to satisfy a customer’s matured debt by seizing the customer’s money or property in the bank... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11131 | Carrier’s Lien – a carrier’s right to retain possession of cargo until the owner of the cargo pays its shipping costs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11133 | Demurrage Lien – the lien of a carrier by ship or rail upon a shipment for unpaid demurrage (delay in shipping) charges |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11135 | Hospital Lien – asserted by a hospital against any judgment, compromise, or settlement received by a hospital patient either fro... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12061 | Undertaking – a written promise, pledge, or engagement which binds the signatory to an obligation; unlike a bond, the principal ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12060 | guaranty – a written promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person, provided such person does not re... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12035 | guarantor – someone who makes a guaranty or gives security for a debt, either guaranteeing payment or collection if the principa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13765 | charging instrument – any of three formal legal documents used to officially charge someone with a crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15771 | covenant – a formal agreement or promise, usually in a contract or deed, to do or not do a particular act; a compact or stipulat... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8840 | deed – a written instrument conveying real property or an interest therein |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7450 | fiduciary relationships |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7474 | Fiduciary – someone owes to another the duties of good faith, loyalty, due care, & disclosure in managing another’s money or pro... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7517 | Guardian/Ward Fiduciary Relationship – one person with legal authority has duty to care for another’s person or property, especi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7479 | Guardian – someone who has the legal authority and duty to care for another’s person or property, especially because of the othe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7487 | Ward – a person, usually a minor, who is under a guardian’s charge or protection |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7519 | Settlor/Trustee/Beneficiary Fiduciary Relationship – one person must act with a high degree of care (fiduciary-trustee) in manag... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7510 | Settlor – the creator of a trust, who becomes so by conveying or transferring property to another (the trustee) to hold in trus... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7457 | Trust – a property interest held by one person (the trustee) at the request of another (the settlor) for the benefit of a third ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7500 | Trustee – someone with legal title to property that holds it in trust, with duties to convert to cash all debts and securities t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7492 | Beneficiary – someone who is designated to receive something as a result of a legal arrangement or instrument |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15356 | master and servant relationship – same as employer-employee relationship, similar but not identical to a principal-agent relatio... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15342 | principal and agent – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13752 | agency – a fiduciary relationship which arises when one person (a principal) manifests assent to another (an agent) that the age... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15658 | administrative (government) agency – a single officer, board, bureau, commission, office, or department of the executive branch ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15673 | administrative law – governs the organization and operation of (executive and independent) administrative agencies, and their re... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15355 | agent – |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7155 | Federal Rules of Procedure Simplified |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3901 | Federal Rules of Civil Procedure- Simplified: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5097 | Fed. Rules Civil Proc. Titles I through Title VI: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3903 | Title I- Scope of Rules; Form of Action |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3909 | Rule 1– Scope and Purpose |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3912 | Rule 2– One Form of Action |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3905 | Title II– Commencing an Action; Service of Process; Pleadings, Motions, & Orders |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3947 | * Rule 3– Commencing a Civil Action: Filing a Complaint * |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3954 | * Rule 4– Serving a ‘Summons’ to the Defendant(s) * |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5132 | Rules 4(a) and (b) – Clerk of Court must Sign & Seal the Summons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5142 | Rules 4(d) and (k) – Notice of Lawsuit & Request to Waive Service of Summons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5189 | Rule (c), and (e) through (m) – How to Serve the Summons to the Defendant |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5118 | Rule 4(e) – Serving an Individual Within a Judicial District of the United States. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5120 | Rule 4(f) – Serving an Individual in a Foreign Country. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5123 | Rule 4(g) – Serving a Minor or an Incompetent Person. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5124 | Rule 4(h) – Serving a Corporation, Partnership, or Association. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5127 | Rule 4(i) – Serving the United States and its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5128 | Rule 4(j) – Serving a Foreign, State, or Local Government. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4141 | Rule 4.1– Serving Other Process |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3959 | Rule 5- Serving and Filing Pleadings and Other Papers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3961 | Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 5.1 |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9949 | As-Applied Challenge – a claim that a law or governmental policy, though constitutional on its face, is unconstitutional as appl... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3966 | Rule 5.2– Privacy Protection for Filings Made with the Court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4053 | Rule 6– Computing and Extending Time; Time for Motion Papers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4087 | Title III- Pleadings & Motions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4940 | Rules 7 through 11: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4140 | Rule 7– Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4146 | Rule 7.1– Disclosure Statement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4151 | Rule 8 – General Rules of Pleading |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5223 | Rule 9 – Pleading Special Matters |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4183 | Rule 10 – Form of Pleadings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4188 | Rule 11 – Signing Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4958 | Rules 12 through 16: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4192 | Rule 12 – Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4196 | Rule 13 – Counterclaim and Crossclaim |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4199 | Rule 14 – Third-Party Practice |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4209 | Rule 15 – Amended and Supplemental Pleadings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4211 | Rule 16 – Pretrial Conferences; Scheduling; Management |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4089 | Title IV- Parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4961 | Rules 17 through 22: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4214 | Rule 17 – Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4216 | Rule 18 – Joinder of Claims |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4218 | Rule 19 – Required Joinder of Parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4220 | Rule 20 – Permissive Joinder of Parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4222 | Rule 21 – Misjoinder and Nonjoinder of Parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4224 | Rule 22 – Interpleader |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4972 | Rules 23 through 25: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4974 | Rule 23- Class Actions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4228 | Rule 23.1 – Derivative Actions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4230 | Rule 23.2 – Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4232 | Rule 24 – Intervention |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4234 | Rule 25 – Substitution of Parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4095 | Title V- Disclosures & Discovery |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4983 | Rules 26 through 31: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4237 | Rule 26 – Duty to Disclose; General Provisions Governing Discovery |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4251 | Rule 27 – Depositions to Perpetuate Testimony |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4253 | Rule 28 – Persons Before Whom Depositions May Be Taken |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4255 | Rule 29 – Stipulations About Discovery Procedure |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4257 | Rule 30 – Depositions by Oral Examination |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4260 | Rule 31 – Depositions by Written Questions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4993 | Rules 32 through 37: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4278 | Rule 32 – Using Depositions in Court Proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4284 | Rule 33 – Interrogatories to Parties |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4286 | Rule 34 – Producing Documents, Electronically Stored Information, and Tangible Things, or Entering onto Land, for Inspection and... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4290 | Rule 35 – Physical and Mental Examinations |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4294 | Rule 36 – Requests for Admission |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4296 | Rule 37 – Failure to Make Disclosures or to Cooperate in Discovery; Sanctions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4097 | Title VI- Trials |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5000 | Rules 38 through 45: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4298 | Rule 38 – Right to a Jury Trial; Demand |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4301 | Rule 39 – Trial by Jury or by the Court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4303 | Rule 40 – Scheduling Cases for Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4305 | Rule 41 – Dismissal of Actions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4307 | Rule 42 – Consolidation; Separate Trials |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4343 | Rule 43 – Taking Testimony |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4345 | Rule 44 – Proving an Official Record |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4348 | Rule 44.1 – Determining Foreign Law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4359 | Rule 45 – Subpoena |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5002 | Rules 46 through 53: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4361 | Rule 46 – Objecting to a Ruling or Order |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4364 | Rule 47 – Selecting Jurors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4372 | Rule 48 – Number of Jurors; Verdict; Polling |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4374 | Rule 49 – Special Verdict; General Verdict and Questions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4376 | Rule 50 – Judgment as a Matter of Law in a Jury Trial; Related Motion for a New Trial; Conditional Ruling |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4378 | Rule 51 – Instructions to the Jury; Objections; Preserving a Claim of Error |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4380 | Rule 52 – Findings and Conclusions by the Court; Judgment on Partial Findings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4382 | Rule 53 – Masters |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5099 | Fed. Rules Civil Proc. Titles VII through Title XIII: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4099 | Title VII- Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5022 | Rules 54 through 58: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4385 | Rule 54 – Judgment; Costs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4388 | Rule 55 – Default; Default Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4390 | Rule 56 – Summary Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4392 | Rule 57 – Declaratory Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4394 | Rule 58 – Entering Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5025 | Rules 59 through 63: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4396 | Rule 59 – New Trial; Altering or Amending a Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4398 | Rule 60 – Relief from a Judgment or Order |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4400 | Rule 61 – Harmless Error |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4402 | Rule 62 – Stay of Proceedings to Enforce a Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4406 | Rule 62.1 – Indicative Ruling on a Motion for Relief That is Barred by a Pending Appeal |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4408 | Rule 63 – Judge’s Inability to Proceed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4101 | Title VIII- Provisional & Final Remedies |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5043 | Rules 64 through 67: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4410 | Rule 64 – Seizing a Person or Property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4412 | Rule 65 – Injunctions and Restraining Orders |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4414 | Rule 65.1 – Proceedings Against a Surety |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4416 | Rule 66 – Receivers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4418 | Rule 67 – Deposit into Court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5045 | Rules 68 through 71: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4420 | Rule 68 – Offer of Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4422 | Rule 69 – Execution |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4424 | Rule 70 – Enforcing a Judgment for a Specific Act |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4426 | Rule 71 – Enforcing Relief For or Against a Nonparty |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4103 | Title IX- Special Proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4429 | Rule 71.1 – Condemning Real or Personal Property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4432 | Rule 72 – Magistrate Judges: Pretrial Order |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4434 | Rule 73 – Magistrate Judges: Trial by Consent; Appeal |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4105 | Title X- District Courts & Clerks: Conducting Business; Issuing Orders |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4436 | Rule 77 – Conducting Business; Clerk’s Authority; Notice of an Order or Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4438 | Rule 78 – Hearing Motions; Submission on Briefs |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4440 | Rule 79 – Records Kept by the Clerk |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4443 | Rule 80 – Stenographic Transcript as Evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4107 | Title XI- General Provisions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4134 | Rule 81– Applicability of the Rules in General; Removed Actions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4445 | Rule 82 – Jurisdiction and Venue Unaffected |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4447 | Rule 83 – Rules by District Courts; Judge’s Directives |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4450 | Rule 84 – Forms [Abrogated] |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4452 | Rule 85 – Title |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4454 | Rule 86 – Effective Dates |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4109 | XIII- Supplemental Rules for Admiralty or Maritime Claims & Asset Forfeiture Actions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4461 | Rule A – Scope of Rules |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4463 | Rule B – In Personam Actions: Attachment and Garnishment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4465 | Rule C – In Rem Actions: Special Provisions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4467 | Rule D – Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4469 | Rule E – Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4130 | Rule F– Limitation of Liability |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4124 | Rule G– Forfeiture Actions in Rem |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4728 | Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure- Simplified: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4730 | Title I – Applicability |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4748 | Rule 1. Scope; Definitions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4750 | Rule 2. Interpretation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4732 | Title II – Preliminary Proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4752 | Rule 3. The Complaint |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4754 | Rule 4. Arrest Warrant or Summons on a Complaint |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4757 | Rule 4.1 Complaint, Warrant, or Summons by Telephone or Other Reliable Electronic Means |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4759 | Rule 5. Initial Appearance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4766 | Rule 5.1 Preliminary Hearing |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4734 | Title III – The Grand Jury, the Indictment, and the Information |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4769 | Rule 6. The Grand Jury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4771 | Rule 7. The Indictment and the Information |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4773 | Rule 8. Joinder of Offenses or Defendants |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4775 | Rule 9. Arrest Warrant or Summons on an Indictment or Information |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4736 | Title IV – The Arraignment and Preparation for Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4777 | Rule 10. Arraignment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4779 | Rule 11. Pleas |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4781 | Rule 12. Pleadings and Pretrial Motions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4783 | Rule 12.1. Notice of an Alibi Defense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4787 | Rule 12.2. Notice of an Insanity Defense; Mental Examination |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4789 | Rule 12.3. Notice of a Public-Authority Defense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4791 | Rule 12.4. Disclosure Statement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4793 | Rule 13. Joint Trial of Separate Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4795 | Rule 14. Relief from Prejudicial Joinder |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4797 | Rule 15. Depositions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4799 | Rule 16. Discovery and Inspection |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4801 | Rule 17. Subpoena |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4803 | Rule 17.1. Pretrial Conference |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4738 | Title V – Venue |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4805 | Rule 18. Place of Prosecution and Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4809 | Rule 19. [Reserved] |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4807 | Rule 20. Transfer for Plea and Sentence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4811 | Rule 21. Transfer for Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4740 | Title VI – Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4813 | Rule 23. Jury or Nonjury Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4815 | Rule 24. Trial Jurors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4817 | Rule 25. Judge’s Disability |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4819 | Rule 26. Taking Testimony |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4821 | Rule 26.1 Foreign Law Determination |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4823 | Rule 26.2 Producing a Witness’s Statement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4830 | Rule 26.3 Mistrial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4832 | Rule 27. Proving an Official Record |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4834 | Rule 28. Interpreters |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4836 | Rule 29. Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4838 | Rule 29.1 Closing Argument |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4840 | Rule 30. Jury Instructions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4842 | Rule 31. Jury Verdict |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4742 | Title VII – Post-Conviction Procedures |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4844 | Rule 32. Sentencing and Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4846 | Rule 32.1 Revoking or Modifying Probation or Supervised Release |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4848 | Rule 32.2 Criminal Forfeiture |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4852 | Rule 33. New Trial |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4854 | Rule 34. Arresting Judgment |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4856 | Rule 35. Correcting or Reducing a Sentence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4858 | Rule 36. Clerical Error |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4860 | Rule 37. Indicative Ruling on a Motion for Relief That Is Barred by a Pending Appeal |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4862 | Rule 38. Staying a Sentence or a Disability |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4864 | Rule 39. [Reserved] |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4744 | Title VIII – Supplementary and Special Proceedings |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4872 | Rule 40. Arrest for Failing to Appear in Another District or for Violating Conditions of Release Set in Another District |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4876 | Rule 41. Search and Seizure |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4881 | Rule 42. Criminal Contempt |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4746 | Title IX – General Provisions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4883 | Rule 43. Defendant’s Presence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4885 | Rule 44. Right to and Appointment of Counsel |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4887 | Rule 45. Computing and Extending Time |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4889 | Rule 46. Release from Custody; Supervising Detention |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4891 | Rule 47. Motions and Supporting Affidavits |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4893 | Rule 48. Dismissal |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4895 | Rule 49. Serving and Filing Papers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4898 | Rule 49.1 Privacy Protection For Filings Made with the Court |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4900 | Rule 50. Prompt Disposition |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4903 | Rule 51. Preserving Claimed Error |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4905 | Rule 52. Harmless and Plain Error |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4907 | Rule 53. Courtroom Photographing and Broadcasting Prohibited |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4909 | Rule 55. Records |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4911 | Rule 56. When Court Is Open |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4914 | Rule 57. District Court Rules |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4916 | Rule 58. Petty Offenses and Other Misdemeanors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4918 | Rule 59. Matters Before a Magistrate Judge |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4921 | Rule 60. Victim’s Rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4924 | Rule 61. Title |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4471 | evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4473 | Article I- General Provisions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4495 | Rule 101 – Scope; Definitions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4497 | Rule 102 – Purpose |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4499 | Rule 103 – Rulings on Evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4501 | Rule 104 – Preliminary Questions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4503 | Rule 105 – Limiting Evidence That Is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4505 | Rule 106 – Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4475 | Article II- Judicial Notice |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4507 | Rule 201 – Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4477 | Article III- Presumptions in Civil Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4509 | Rule 301 – Presumptions in Civil Cases Generally |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4511 | Rule 302 – Applying State Law to Presumptions in Civil Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4479 | Article IV- Relevance and Its Limits |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4513 | Rule 401 – Test for Relevant Evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4515 | Rule 402 – General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4517 | Rule 403 – Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4519 | Rule 404 – Character Evidence; Crimes or Other Acts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4521 | Rule 405 – Methods of Proving Character |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4523 | Rule 406 – Habit; Routine Practice |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4526 | Rule 407 – Subsequent Remedial Measures |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4529 | Rule 408 – Compromise Offers and Negotiations |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4535 | Rule 409 – Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4537 | Rule 410 – Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4549 | Rule 411 – Liability Insurance |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4551 | Rule 412 – Sex-Offense Cases: The Victim’s Sexual Behavior or Predisposition |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4560 | Rule 413 – Similar Crimes in Sexual-Assault Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4562 | Rule 414 – Similar Crimes in Child Molestation Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4564 | Rule 415 – Similar Acts in Civil Cases Involving Sexual Assault or Child Molestation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4481 | Article V- Privileges |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4568 | Rule 502 – Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4566 | Rule 501 – Privilege in General |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4483 | Article VI- Witnesses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4570 | Rule 601 – Competency to Testify in General |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4572 | Rule 602 – Need for Personal Knowledge |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4574 | Rule 603 – Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4576 | Rule 604 – Interpreter |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4578 | Rule 605 – Judge’s Competency as a Witness |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4580 | Rule 606 – Juror’s Competency as a Witness |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4583 | Rule 607 – Who May Impeach a Witness |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4585 | Rule 608 – A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4587 | Rule 609 – Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4589 | Rule 610 – Religious Beliefs or Opinions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4591 | Rule 611 – Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4593 | Rule 612 – Writing Used to Refresh a Witness’s Memory |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4595 | Rule 613 – Witness’s Prior Statement |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4597 | Rule 614 – Court’s Calling or Examining a Witness |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4599 | Rule 615 – Excluding Witnesses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4485 | Article VII- Opinions and Expert Testimony |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4601 | Rule 701 – Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4603 | Rule 702 – Testimony by Expert Witnesses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4616 | Rule 703 – Bases of an Expert |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4627 | Rule 704 – Opinion on an Ultimate Issue |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4629 | Rule 705 – Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4631 | Rule 706 – Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4487 | Article VIII- Hearsay |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4633 | Rule 801- Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4635 | Rule 802 – The Rule Against Hearsay |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4637 | Rule 803 – Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4639 | Rule 804 – Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4641 | Rule 805 – Hearsay Within Hearsay |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4643 | Rule 806 – Attacking and Supporting the Declarant |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4645 | Rule 807 – Residual Exception |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4489 | Article IX- Authentication and Identification |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4647 | Rule 901 – Authenticating or Identifying Evidence |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4696 | Rule 902 – Evidence That Is Self-Authenticating |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4700 | Rule 903 – Subscribing Witness |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4491 | Article X- Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographers |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4702 | Rule 1001 – Definitions That Apply to This Article |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4706 | Rule 1002 – Requirement of the Original |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4708 | Rule 1003 – Admissibility of Duplicates |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4711 | Rule 1004 – Admissibility of Other Evidence of Content |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4713 | Rule 1005 – Copies of Public Records to Prove Content |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4715 | Rule 1006 – Summaries to Prove Content |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4717 | Rule 1007 – Testimony or Statement of a Party to Prove Content |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4719 | Rule 1008 – Functions of the Court and Jury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4493 | Article XI- Miscellaneous Rules |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4721 | Rule 1101 – Applicability of the Rules |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4724 | Rule 1102 – Amendments |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4726 | Rule 1103 – Title |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12624 | Sources |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9165 | Federally-Recommended Law Dictionaries Used to Help Build This Site: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16910 | “Barron’s Law Dictionary Third Edition” by Steven H. Hifis (1975, 1991) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9167 | Ballantine’s Law Dictionary with Pronunciations 3rd Ed. (1930, 1969) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7679 | Ballantine’s Law Dictionary Legal Assistant Edition (1994) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5451 | Black’s Law Dictionary Deluxe Tenth Edition (2014) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8081 | “Essential Supreme Court Decisions” (16th Ed.) by John R. Vile (2014) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14770 | “The Law Enforcement Handbook” by Desmond Rowland and James Bailey (1983, 1994) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14147 | “Constitution of the United States; Its Sources and Application” by Thomas James Norton (1941) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2251 | Uncategorized: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7087 | Civil Law Guide |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6964 | Criminal Law Self-Help: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13093 | Classifications of Laws, Crimes, and Punishments: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13188 | Types of Laws: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13975 | Code – the published statutes of a jurisdiction, arranged in a systematic form by chapters and sections |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13989 | Model Penal Code – a proposed criminal code prepared jointly by the Commission on Uniform State Laws and the American Law Instit... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13156 | Penal Code – the published criminal statutes of a jurisdiction, usually defining and categorizing offenses, and setting forth t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13992 | Uniform Commercial Code – a uniform statute that governs commercial transactions, adopted in some form by every state and the Di... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13980 | United States Code – the official codification of general and permanent laws enacted by congress |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13447 | Court Rules – regulations having the force of law and governing practice and procedure in the various courts |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13127 | Ordinance – a municipal regulation, usually forbidding or restricting an activity |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13968 | Policy – A standard course of action that has been officially established by an organization, business, political party |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13964 | Public Policy – the policy (course of action) in relation to the administration of the law, to protect and promote the general w... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13096 | Statute – a legislation (aka act or law) enacted by any lawmaking body, such as a legislature, administrative board, or municipa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12879 | Varying Degrees of Crimes: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13172 | Misdemeanor – less serious than a felony, usually punished by fine, penalty, forfeiture, or a brief term in jail |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14008 | Offense – synonymous with “crime” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13711 | Bailable Offense – a criminal charge for which a defendant may be released from custody after providing proper security |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14127 | indictable offense – a crime that can be prosecuted by indictment, usually only felonies or serious misdemeanors |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14958 | substantive offense – a crime that is complete in itself and not dependent on another crime for one of its elements |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13171 | Felony – a serious crime usually punished by more than one year in prison, or death |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13440 | Infraction – a violation, usually of a rule, regulation, or local ordinance, not punishable by incarceration |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7280 | Legal Terms used in Assessing Types of Crimes: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13884 | Corrupt – subverting the instrumentalities of government to personal profit; impeding or obstructing the administration of just... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13282 | Malice – intent to commit a wrongful act; reckless disregard of the law or of a person’s legal rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14882 | express malice – intent to kill or inflict injury arising from a deliberate, rational mind, or, in defamation cases, uttering or... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14878 | malice aforethought – intent to kill or injure, or deliberate commission of a dangerous or deadly act in disregard of peoples’ l... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7629 | unjustifiable – legally or morally unacceptable; devoid of any good reason that would provide an excuse or defense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13182 | Simple – (of a crime) not aggravated |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12839 | Aggravated – a more serious crime due to violence, presence of a deadly weapon, or intent to commit another crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13882 | Types of Punishments: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13891 | Fine – a monetary penalty imposed as punishment upon a person convicted of a crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13890 | Forfeiture – a divestiture of property without compensation, in consequence of a default or an offense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15141 | penalty – punishment imposed on a wrongdoer, usually in the form of imprisonment or fine |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6911 | Restitution – in cases of unjust enrichment (i.e. fraud, theft), compensation paid by a criminal to a victim, ordered as part of... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6956 | Unjust Enrichment – unlawful, unjustifiable retention of property, without consent from the transferor(s), for which the benefic... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9614 | action de in rem verso – an action for unjust enrichment wherein the plaintiff must show (i) an enrichment was bestowed (ii) it ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10395 | Types of Crimes (and corresponding laws) § 1: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12560 | Color of Law Crimes – abuse of authority by government employees |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2059 | 18 U.S.C. § 242 – Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16899 | Color of Law Crimes – related terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16906 | state action – action by state or local government, or conduct sanctioned by state or local authorities, such as the enforcement... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16814 | Deprivation of Rights – Federal and State Statutes: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16896 | Deprivation of Rights Statute (California) – Cal 2 PEN § 422.6 |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12863 | Extortion – the unlawful taking by an officer of the law, by color of his office, of any money or thing of value not due to him,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12866 | 18 U.S.C. § 872 – Extortion by officers or employees of the United States |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12840 | False Statements, Writings, Concealments, etc., by Government Employees: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5610 | 18 U.S. C. § 1001 – Statements or entries generally |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12846 | 28 U.S.C. § 1746 – Unsworn declarations under penalty of perjury |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12853 | Perjury and False Swearing – lying under Oath of Office, in an Affidavit, in a judicial proceeding or administrative proceeding,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2237 | 42 U.S.C. § 1621 – Perjury generally (Perjury of Oath) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5498 | Crimes Generally Committed by Two or More Persons Working Together: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6952 | Conspiracy – an agreement by two or more persons, to reach an objective by unlawful means; any action or conduct that furthers t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5570 | 18 U.S.C. § 241. Conspiracy against rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14950 | Rules and Doctrines pertaining to Conspiracy Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14946 | coconspirator’s rule – an exception to the hearsay rule: one conspirator’s acts and statements, if made during and in furtheranc... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13892 | Corrupt-Motive Doctrine – a defunct rule that conspiracy is punishable only if the agreement was entered into with an evil purpo... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14953 | Wharton’s rule – an agreement by two or more persons to commit a crime cannot be prosecuted as a conspiracy if it was committed ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14949 | withdrawal from conspiracy – a conspirator who withdraws from a conspiracy before it is carried out may avoid prosecution if sh... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2063 | 42 U.S.C. § 1985 – “Conspiracy to Interfere with Civil Rights” – 2 or more persons depriving rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2124 | 42 U.S.C. § 1986 – “Action for Neglect to Prevent” – powerful code works together with “Conspiracy to Interfere with Civil Right... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12873 | Racketeering – a pattern of illegal activity (i.e. bribery, extortion, fraud, murder) carried out as part of an enterprise owned... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12939 | RICO Laws – criminalizes racketeering that affects interstate commerce or persons or businesses engaged in interstate commerce |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2367 | U.S. Code Title 18 § 2: “Aiding & Abetting” – knowingly & willingly assisting a crime |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6832 | Fraud – concealing a fact or misleading, to induce someone(s) to part with property or surrender a legal right |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12969 | Legal Terms that pertain to Fraud: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12973 | Badges of Fraud – suspicious circumstances that indicate the possibility of fraud |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12971 | Statute of Frauds – a statute (based on the English Statute of Frauds) designed to prevent fraud and perjury by requiring certa... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12999 | Actual Fraud – intentionally or recklessly concealing a fact or misleading, in a way that injures another(s) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13009 | advance-fee fraud – persuading victimes to pay a “fee” in anticipation of receiving a larger benefit which isn’t delivered |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13027 | affinity fraud – tailoring a fraud to target members of a particular group |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13043 | Bank Fraud – attempting to defraud a financial institution (i.e. to obtain property owned by or under control) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13045 | 18 U.S.C. § 1344. Bank fraud |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13051 | bankruptcy fraud – fraudulent acts (i.e. destroying, withholding, or falsifying documents, concealing assets) to defeat bankrupt... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13053 | 18 U.S.C. § 152. Concealment of assets; false oaths and claims; bribery |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13062 | consumer fraud – intentional deceptive acts or practices,or false pretense, promise, or misrepresentation, to induce someone(s) ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13003 | Extrinsic Fraud – intentional misrepresentation or deception which deprives someone(s) of informed consent, full participation, ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13001 | Constructive Fraud – unintentional deception or misrepresentation which injures another |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12907 | Embezzlement – fraudulent taking of personal property to which one is entrusted, especially as a fiduciary |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12988 | Fraudulent Conversion – an essential element of the crime of embezzlement: appropriation of money or other property to one’s per... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12960 | fraudulent misrepresentation – words spoken or written while knowing that they are false in order to deceive and induce action i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12964 | Mail Fraud – using the U.S. Postal Service to make false representations in order to obtain money or anything else of value |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10400 | Theft – taking something to which one is not entitled, by any means |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10404 | Larceny – the unlawful taking and carrying away of someone else’s tangible personal property with the intent to deprive the poss... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10413 | Grand Larceny – larceny of property worth more than a specified value (usually $100); the minimum differs from state to state |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10415 | Various Types (and degrees) of Larceny (and corresponding laws): |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10437 | Robbery – the felony of stealing from a person (body) or in the person’s presence, with use violence or intimidation (aggravated... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7734 | Intellectual-Property Crime – illegally copying and selling someone else’s intellectual property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7635 | Unlawful Detainer – unjustifiable retention of the possession of real property by one whose original entry was lawful |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12913 | Types of Crimes and Corresponding Laws § 2: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13067 | Environmental Crimes – harm to air, water, soil quality, or to endangered species |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14812 | 42 U.S.C. §7 401 – Clean Air Act of 1963 and Subsequent Amendments |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13214 | Homicide – the killing of another human |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13260 | Criminal (felonious) Homicide: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13226 | Murder – the killing of a human being with malice aforethought |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14856 | first degree murder – willful, deliberate, or premeditated murder, or murder committed during the course of another dangerous fe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14860 | felony murder – occurs during the commission of a dangerous felony (often limited to rape, kidnapping, robbery, burglary, and a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14854 | felony-murder rule – death which occurs by accident or chance during the course of the commission of a felony is first degree mu... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14869 | murder by torture – murder preceded by intentional infliction of pain and suffering on the victim |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14890 | third degree murder – a wrong that does not constitute first or second degree murder; few states have third degree murder within... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14877 | second degree murder – committed with intent to kill, but not premeditated or deliberate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14895 | depraved-heart murder – a murder resulting from an act so reckless and careless of the safety of others, it demonstrates the per... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13202 | Manslaughter – the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13284 | Involuntary Manslaughter – homicide with no intention to kill or do grievous bodily harm, but committed with criminal negligence... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13274 | voluntary manslaugher – homicide committed with provocation or in the heat of passion |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13286 | Heat of Passion – rage, terror, or furious anger suddenly aroused by another person’s words or actions, thereby reducing a murde... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13235 | Noncriminal (nonfelonious) Homicide: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13247 | Excusable Homicide – homicide by accident or self-defense |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13248 | Justifiable Homicide – the killing of another person in self-defense, to prevent a crime or a criminal’s escape, or as execution... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14841 | Rules of Self-Defense – justifiable or unjustifiable? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14844 | retreat rule – unless at home or at work, a victim of assault generally has a duty to retreat instead of using deadly force, so ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13132 | Obstruction of Justice – impeding or hindering the administration of justice (i.e. tampering with evidence, witness, juror, or j... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12807 | Trespass – a misfeasance, transgression, or offense which damages another’s person, health, reputation, or property |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10443 | Burglary – breaking and entering any building with the intent to commit a felony (i.e. larceny, murder) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15816 | forcible entry (and detainer) – entry on real property peaceably in the possession of another, against his will, without autho... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13866 | Various Crimes and Corresponding Laws § 3: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13068 | Election Fraud and Electioneering (Crimes) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13922 | Corrupt Practices Acts – federal and state statutes that regulate expenditures by candidates for election, and contributions to ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13926 | Gerrymandering – manipulating boundary lines of political districts to give an unfair advantage to one political party or to dil... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13929 | Delineational Gerrymandering – gerrymandering by varying the districts’ shape, generally by methods known as cracking, packing, ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13937 | Lobbying – addressing or soliciting members of a legislative body, in the lobby off the chamber or elsewhere, for the purpose of... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13097 | Treason – attempting to overthrow one’s state or the United States, either by making or inciting war against the government or b... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13865 | Bribery – the corrupt payment, receipt, or solicitation of anything of value with intent to influence the action of a public off... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13871 | 18 U.S.C. § 201 – Bribery of public officials and witnesses |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=13938 | Subversion – the process of overthrowing, destroying, or corrupting the government, often through infiltration to undermine dome... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9062 | File a Criminal Complaint: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11763 | History: The First Civil Law Code in the U.S. |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10249 | Police Jury – the governing body of a parish |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16996 | Uncategorized Cases |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5449 | Kern Cty. Sheriff’s Deputies Disregard Couple’s Adverse Possession Claim, Arrest on False Pretenses, and Dispossess Them of Prop... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5879 | Las Vegas – Evidence of More Than One Shooter, Plausible Motive, Additional Potential Suspects. Recent Leaks May be a Diversion |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3766 | Wilson v. COUNTY OF NEVADA |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=1384 | Foreward |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=1614 | Event #3: I filed 2 Liability Claims w/ The City of Grass Valley |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5871 | Wilson v. County of Nevada Video Footage |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=1531 | Event #1: Footage & Transcript from 5-17-14 (aka “Pack the Courtroom!” pre-trial documentary pt.1) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=1533 | Event #2: Footage & Transcript from 5-21-14 (aka “Pack the Courtroom!” pre-trial documentary pt. 2) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=1543 | Event #4: June 25th, 2014: The Pre-Trial Hearing: “Right to Audio Record Hearing & Trial Illegally Denied Under Nevada County... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=1379 | Event #5: I posted both “Pack the Courtroom!” documentaries within this In-Depth “Evidence Webpage” that was available to The P... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11248 | Getting Started |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12692 | How to Navigate This Site |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2629 | Civil Law and Criminal Law – what’s the difference? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10468 | Time Limits for Filing Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10463 | Laches – unreasonable delay in pursuing a right or claim, thus causing a court to deny relief that would otherwise be granted |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12636 | Nonclaim Statute – sets a time limit for creditors to bring claims against a decedent’s estate; usually not subject to toiling a... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6513 | Statute of Limitations – sets time limits for civil actions or criminal prosecutions to be filed |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14705 | accrual of cause of action – a cause of action generally accrues at the time of the injury, not at the time the damage is discov... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14696 | accrual rule – delays the limitations period to when the plaintiff discovers the facts which form the bases for a cause of act... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7876 | Cause of Action – a group of operative facts which give rise to one or more bases for suing |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14730 | identity of causes of action – two actions asserting the same rights, demanding the same relief, and founded on the same fact |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14731 | joinder of causes of action – union of two or more causes of action, each of which could be made the basis of a separate suit, i... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14732 | misjoinder of causes of action – improper joining of two or more causes of action which should not be joined due to the lack of ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14733 | separate counts – Two or more charges of distinct offenses in an indictment or information, each count being in contemplation of... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14734 | splitting causes of action – bringing separate actions upon separate and distinct causes of action against the same person inste... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14726 | occurrence rule – a limitations period that begins to run when the alleged wrongful act or omission occurs; applies in most brea... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14690 | discovery rule – delays the limitations period for injuries that are difficult to detect (i.e. medical malpractice) to when the ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=17070 | Statutes of Limitations for Federal Cases: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=17073 | statute of limitations for federal conspiracy cases – five or more years |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14685 | statute of limitations for conspiracy cases – usually 5+ years |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16966 | Supreme Court Rulings re: Statute of Limitations: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10472 | suspension of statute of limitations (“tolling the statute”) – circumstances that suspend or interrupt of the statute of limitat... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15949 | equitable tolling – the doctrine wherein a statute of limitations will not bar a claim if the plaintiff did not discover the inj... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=15960 | tolling agreement – an agreement between a potential plaintiff and a potential defendant by which the defendant agrees to extend... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10466 | Statute of Repose – unlike a statute of limitations, establishes a maximum period of time in which an action can be brought, whe... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2027 | Representing Yourself “Pro Se” and Assisting Others as a Non-Lawyer: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9781 | Lawyer? Attorney? Counselor? What’s the Difference? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14411 | Attorney – an attorney at law or attorney in fact; unless otherwise indicated, generally means attorney at law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14414 | attorney at law – an officer of the court, licensed to practice law; a lawyer |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14630 | barrister – in England or Northern Ireland, a lawyer who is admitted to plead at the bar and who may argue cases in superior co... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14406 | District Attorney – an appointed, or, usually elected public officer who conducts actions, generally criminal prosecutions, on b... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14404 | United States District Attorney – a lawyer appointed by the President to represent, under the direction of the Attorney General,... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14617 | prosecuting attorney – an elected or appointed attorney at law, who serves as a public officer, to conduct criminal prosecution... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14464 | Attorney General – chief law officer of a state or of the United States; advises the government on legal matters and represents ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14418 | attorney-in-fact – one who is authorized, via a power of attorney, to act as legal agent in order to transact business, on behal... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14483 | attorney’s fee – the charge for services (i.e. hourly fee, flat fee, or contingent fee) |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9771 | Private Attorney General’s Act – enables private attorneys who bring lawsuits in the public interest to collect attorney’s fees |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9789 | 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Proceedings in vindication of civil rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9779 | Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc., (1968) – one who succeeds in obtaining an injunction under Title II of the Civil Rights... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14424 | power of attorney – an instrument granting someone authority to act as agent or attorney-in-fact for the grantor, thus creating ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14491 | counselor – a lawyer or barrister, a term usually used to reference one who is acting as a courtroom advocate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=12894 | Last-Link Doctrine – the rule that an attorney need not divulge nonprivileged information protected by the attorney-client privi... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=14636 | solicitor – an attorney at law acting as head of the law department of a municipal corporation or other division of government; ... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=9759 | Good Samaritan Action – brought by a person or group for the benefit of all or part of a community; often immunizes those acting... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16087 | equity-of-the-statute rule – a statute should be interpreted according to the legislators’ purpose and intent, even if this inte... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16113 | golden rule (1) the doctrine that legal terms should be taken into context to avoid absurdity or inconsistency; or (2) an argume... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=16120 | purposivism – texts are to be interpreted to achieve the social, economic, and political objectives that drafters had in mind |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5484 | Filing against Government Agencies and/or Employees: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11273 | Determine: Did the Officer follow or violate Protocol? |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11264 | Wrongful Death – a death caused by someone’s negligent or willful act or omission |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10640 | File Records Requests to Gather All the Facts: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10689 | Effective Terms for Successful Fact-Finding: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10654 | File – a lawyer’s complete record of a case |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10660 | Inquiry – A seeking of information; an examination or investigation |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10668 | Investigation – trying to find out the truth about something, such as a crime, accident, or historical issue via a systematic ex... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10657 | Record – information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that, having been stored in an electronic or other medium, is ret... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10672 | How to Obtain a Law Enforcement Investigation Report |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10684 | How to Perform a FOIA Requests to obtain information from a federal agencies |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11271 | Officers are Considered “Employees in Law Enforcement Activities” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=10682 | Privacy Act of 1974 – obtain records “that pertain to you” |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=11224 | Filing against a State or Local Employees and/or Agencies: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5426 | 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Civil action for deprivation of rights |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=4184 | Definitions |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3178 | Redress |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3309 | Amendment: ‘A Coalition of Nations for Human Rights’ |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3681 | Land Grants & Resources Issued for Productive, Eco-Wise Homesteaders & Sustainability Projects |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=3758 | Petition: Allow Citizens to Register With More Than One Political Party |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5873 | Radio Interviews on “Treaty Talk” Radio |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=5462 | Heavy Hitters – build a Landmark case to Mandate |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2841 | Build Cases to Challenge & Bust Monopolies |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=2838 | Class-Action Lawsuits, Monopoly-Busting, and |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7187 | Mandatory Class Action – a class action in which the court does not allow class members to opt out |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=6666 | Miscellaneous Uncategorized Terms: |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7856 | Claim Jumping – taking advantage of the failure of a person who is mining public land to perfect her claim in the manner require... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7858 | Claim of Right – an entry upon land with the intent to claim and hold it for one’s own, even though the claimant does not have t... |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7872 | Claim of Right Doctrine – the tax law doctrine that a taxpayer who receives money that he may have to repay, because his right t... |
reunitethestates.org/?p=12755 | Getting Started |
reunitethestates.org/?p=12753 | Civil Law Self-Help |
reunitethestates.org/?p=12751 | Criminal Law Self-Help |
reunitethestates.org/?p=1752#respond | Leave a comment |
reunitethestates.org/?author=1 | adraghastar@gmail.com |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=2629 | access redress |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=9165 | Federally-Recommended Law Dictionaries Utilized to Help Build This Website |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=6964 | Criminal Law Self-Help Walkthrough |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=3296 | Legal Precepts Adopted into U.S. Law (from Europe) through the Constitution |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=7588 | § of Law which came pursuant to the American Revolution |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=7309 | Indian Country Law |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=7214 | Essential Terms |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=7427 | Property |
reunitethestates.org//?page_id=8338 | Ownership |
reunitethestates.org/?page_id=8669 | Instrumentalities |
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Domain Name: REUNITETHESTATES.ORG
Registry Domain ID: D175659571-LROR
Registrar WHOIS Server:
Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com
Updated Date: 2017-03-08T15:39:00Z
Creation Date: 2015-03-18T16:11:01Z
Registry Expiry Date: 2018-03-18T16:11:01Z
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Registrar: GoDaddy.com, LLC
Registrar IANA ID: 146
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Registry Registrant ID: C160716785-LROR
Registrant Name: Alexandra Wilson
Registrant Organization: Wild Willpower
Registrant Street: 12830 Pinewoods Rd.
Registrant City: Nevada City
Registrant State/Province: California
Registrant Postal Code: 94930
Registrant Country: US
Registrant Phone: +1.4147987457
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Registry Admin ID: C160716787-LROR
Admin Name: Alexandra Wilson
Admin Organization: Wild Willpower
Admin Street: 12830 Pinewoods Rd.
Admin City: Nevada City
Admin State/Province: California
Admin Postal Code: 94930
Admin Country: US
Admin Phone: +1.4147987457
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Admin Email: adraghastar@gmail.com
Registry Tech ID: C160716786-LROR
Tech Name: Alexandra Wilson
Tech Organization: Wild Willpower
Tech Street: 12830 Pinewoods Rd.
Tech City: Nevada City
Tech State/Province: California
Tech Postal Code: 94930
Tech Country: US
Tech Phone: +1.4147987457
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URL of the ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form: https://www.icann.org/wicf/
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США - Бингемтон - 128.253.173.241
США - Бингемтон - 128.253.173.242
США - Бингемтон - 128.253.173.243
США - Бингемтон - 128.253.173.244
США - Бингемтон - 128.253.173.245
США - Бингемтон - 128.253.173.246
Cornell University
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